Enolate Ion: An enolate ion is a negatively charged oxygen-containing species derived from the deprotonation of a carbonyl compound, such as a ketone or aldehyde. Enolate ions are important intermediates in many organic reactions.
Reducing Agent: A reducing agent is a substance that has the ability to reduce other substances by donating electrons, thereby lowering the oxidation state of the other substance.
Base: A base is a substance that can accept a proton (H+) from an acid, resulting in the formation of a salt and water. Bases are used to deprotonate various organic compounds, including carbonyl compounds, to generate reactive intermediates like enolate ions.