Enkephalins

Definition

Enkephalins are a class of endogenous opioid peptides found in the brain and nervous system that function as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, playing a role in pain perception, mood regulation, and other physiological processes.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Enkephalins are produced by the adrenal glands and certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
2. They bind to and activate opioid receptors, particularly the delta and mu opioid receptors, which mediate their analgesic (pain-relieving) and other effects.
3. Enkephalins play a role in modulating pain perception, emotional responses, and autonomic nervous system functions.
4. The two major enkephalin peptides are Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which differ in their amino acid sequences.
5. Dysregulation of the enkephalin system has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including chronic pain, addiction, and depression.

Review Questions

• Describe the primary functions of enkephalins in the body.
  • Enkephalins are endogenous opioid peptides that primarily function as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the brain and nervous system. They bind to and activate opioid receptors, particularly the delta and mu subtypes, to produce analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, regulate mood and emotional responses, and modulate autonomic nervous system functions like heart rate and blood pressure.
• Explain the relationship between enkephalins and DNA sequencing.
  • Enkephalins are not directly related to DNA sequencing, as they are peptide molecules rather than nucleic acids. However, the genes that encode the precursor proteins for enkephalins, such as proenkephalin, have been identified and sequenced as part of the human genome project and other DNA sequencing efforts. Understanding the genetic basis of enkephalin production and regulation can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of pain perception, mood disorders, and other physiological processes mediated by this endogenous opioid system.
• Evaluate the potential therapeutic applications of enkephalins in the context of DNA sequencing and genetic research.
  • The identification and characterization of the genes encoding enkephalins and their receptors through DNA sequencing has opened up new avenues for therapeutic development. Researchers can now explore ways to manipulate the enkephalin system, either through targeted drug design or genetic interventions, to potentially treat conditions like chronic pain, addiction, and depression. For example, understanding the genetic factors that influence enkephalin production and signaling could lead to the development of personalized treatments or gene therapies that modulate the enkephalin system more effectively. Additionally, genetic screening and profiling may help identify individuals with dysregulated enkephalin function, allowing for earlier intervention and more tailored therapeutic approaches.

Related terms

Endorphins: Endogenous opioid peptides similar to enkephalins that are produced by the pituitary gland and act as natural painkillers in the body.

Neuropeptides: Small peptide molecules that function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the nervous system.

Opioid Receptors: Specific cell surface receptors that bind to opioid compounds, including enkephalins and endorphins, to produce analgesic and other physiological effects.