Effector cells

Definition

Effector cells are differentiated T lymphocytes that actively respond to a stimulus, such as a pathogen. They play a crucial role in mediating immune responses by directly attacking infected cells or coordinating other immune cells.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Effector cells include cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and helper T cells (CD4+).
2. Cytotoxic T cells can kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and sometimes even damaged or dysfunctional self-cells.
3. Helper T cells release cytokines to regulate the activity of other immune cells like B cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
4. The process of activation and differentiation into effector cells occurs after antigen recognition presented by MHC molecules.
5. Effector memory T cells can quickly respond to previously encountered antigens upon re-exposure.

Review Questions

Related terms

Cytokines:

Small proteins released by immune cells that act as signaling molecules.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):

A set of cell surface proteins essential for acquired immune system recognition.

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs):

Cells that display foreign antigens with MHC on their surfaces to activate T lymphocytes.