Cytokines are small proteins released by cells, especially those of the immune system, that have a specific effect on interactions and communications between cells. They play crucial roles in regulating immune responses and inflammation.
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Cytokines include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines.
They can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, depending on their function and context.
Cytokines are essential for the activation and differentiation of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes during adaptive immunity.
An overproduction of cytokines can lead to a 'cytokine storm,' a dangerous condition often seen in severe infections.
Cytokines act through specific receptors on target cells, initiating signaling pathways that alter cell behavior.
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Related terms
Interleukins: A group of cytokines that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
Chemokines: A subset of cytokines responsible for inducing chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells.
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF): A type of cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and stimulation of the acute phase reaction.