New Criticism is a formalist approach to literary analysis that emerged in the early to mid-20th century, focusing on the text itself as the primary source of meaning, while disregarding authorial intent and historical context. This method emphasizes close reading and the interrelation of elements such as imagery, symbolism, and structure within the work, leading to a self-contained understanding of the literary piece.
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New Criticism gained popularity in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s, largely due to the works of critics like Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren.
The movement sought to establish literary studies as a distinct academic discipline by emphasizing the importance of textual analysis over biographical or historical considerations.
One of the key concepts in New Criticism is 'the intentional fallacy,' which argues that an author's intentions should not influence the interpretation of their work.
New Critics often focused on paradox, ambiguity, and tension within texts as essential components that contribute to their overall meaning.
The rise of New Criticism marked a shift away from Romanticism's focus on authorial genius towards a more systematic and objective analysis of literature.
Review Questions
How does New Criticism differ from other literary theories in terms of its focus and methodology?
New Criticism stands apart from other literary theories because it centers solely on the text itself for meaning rather than considering external factors like authorial intent or historical context. While many approaches might integrate personal or social perspectives into their analyses, New Criticism advocates for a close reading that highlights formal elements such as structure, imagery, and symbolism within the work. This method prioritizes the work's inherent qualities over any contextual influences.
What role does 'close reading' play in New Criticism and how does it contribute to textual interpretation?
Close reading is fundamental to New Criticism as it involves an in-depth analysis of the text’s language and form. By meticulously examining elements such as word choice, rhythm, and imagery, critics can uncover deeper meanings and interconnections within the work. This method encourages readers to engage directly with the text without being swayed by outside influences, ultimately leading to a richer understanding of its themes and nuances.
Evaluate the impact of New Criticism on the study of literature and discuss how its principles might apply across different genres.
New Criticism significantly shaped literary studies by emphasizing textual integrity and encouraging detailed analysis devoid of external biases. Its principles can be effectively applied across various genres by focusing on how structural elements create meaning. For example, in poetry, analyzing meter and imagery can reveal deeper emotional resonance, while in prose, examining narrative structure may expose themes of conflict. This versatility illustrates New Criticism's enduring relevance in contemporary literary analysis, fostering a disciplined approach that remains foundational in education.
A careful and detailed analysis of a text, examining its language, structure, and meaning without reference to external contexts.
Formalist Criticism: An approach to literary criticism that emphasizes the formal elements of a text, such as its style, structure, and language, often sidelining broader social or historical contexts.