The problem of evil

Definition

The problem of evil refers to the philosophical and theological challenge of reconciling the existence of evil and suffering in the world with the belief in an all-powerful, all-knowing, and benevolent God. This issue raises important questions about divine justice, human free will, and the nature of suffering, especially in light of historical events that challenge faith and understanding.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The problem of evil has been a central theme in Jewish thought, particularly in response to historical tragedies such as the Holocaust, which deeply impacted theological discussions.
2. Major Jewish philosophers like Maimonides offered rational explanations for the existence of evil, linking it to human free will and moral responsibility.
3. Post-Holocaust theology reflects a significant shift in how many Jewish thinkers approach the problem of evil, often focusing on communal suffering and God's apparent silence during tragic events.
4. The struggle with the problem of evil has led to diverse interpretations within Judaism, with some embracing a more existential perspective that emphasizes human agency and resilience.
5. Responses to the problem of evil also include exploring the concept of tikkun olam, or 'repairing the world,' which suggests that humans have a role in addressing and alleviating suffering.

Review Questions

• How do different Jewish philosophers address the problem of evil, and what solutions do they propose?
  • Different Jewish philosophers tackle the problem of evil by offering various solutions that often revolve around human free will and moral responsibility. Maimonides argues that evil results from human choices rather than divine will, emphasizing that God gives people autonomy to act. Other thinkers suggest that suffering serves a greater purpose or tests faith, leading to growth or redemption.
• In what ways did the Holocaust influence post-Holocaust Jewish thought regarding the problem of evil?
  • The Holocaust profoundly influenced post-Holocaust Jewish thought by challenging traditional understandings of God and suffering. Many theologians grappled with why an all-powerful God would allow such immense suffering. This led to new interpretations where some questioned God's presence or role during such events, while others focused on human agency in confronting evil through ethical actions and communal responsibility.
• Evaluate how contemporary Jewish responses to the problem of evil reflect broader societal changes and theological developments.
  • Contemporary Jewish responses to the problem of evil show significant reflection on broader societal changes and theological developments, particularly in light of historical traumas like the Holocaust. Many modern thinkers emphasize a collective responsibility for addressing suffering through tikkun olam, suggesting that humans play an active role in creating a just world. This perspective indicates a shift from solely seeking answers about God's nature to actively engaging in social justice efforts as a means of confronting and mitigating evil in today's context.

Related terms

Theodicy: A branch of theology that seeks to defend God's goodness and omnipotence in the face of the existence of evil, often providing explanations for why a good God allows suffering.

Holocaust: The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II, which serves as a profound example of suffering and challenges to faith in God.

Free Will: The concept that individuals have the ability to make choices independently, which is often invoked in discussions about why evil exists if humans are given autonomy.