Madame Bovary

Definition

Madame Bovary is a novel by Gustave Flaubert published in 1857 that tells the story of Emma Bovary, a woman who seeks to escape her mundane provincial life through romantic fantasies and material excess. This work is often cited as a seminal example of realism and naturalism in literature, illustrating the constraints of society and the psychological depths of its characters.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Flaubert's use of detailed descriptions and complex characters in Madame Bovary set a new standard for narrative technique in literature.
2. The character of Emma Bovary is often interpreted as a critique of the constraints placed on women in 19th-century society, highlighting themes of desire and disillusionment.
3. Madame Bovary faced legal challenges upon its release due to accusations of obscenity, but it ultimately became a landmark work that influenced future literary movements.
4. The novel’s structure features a strong use of irony and symbolism, particularly in the way Emma's pursuits lead to her downfall.
5. Flaubert's meticulous approach to language and style reflects his belief that art should strive for perfection and emotional truth, making Madame Bovary a cornerstone of modern literature.

Review Questions

• How does Madame Bovary exemplify the characteristics of realism and naturalism in literature?
  • Madame Bovary exemplifies realism through its focus on ordinary life and the detailed depiction of the protagonist's experiences in a provincial setting. Flaubert portrays Emma's dissatisfaction with her mundane existence and her quest for fulfillment through romantic escapades and material possessions. The novel also embodies naturalism by illustrating how Emma's environment, social conditions, and psychological traits contribute to her eventual tragedy, emphasizing the deterministic forces that shape her fate.
• Discuss how Flaubert's portrayal of Emma Bovary serves as a social critique of 19th-century French society.
  • Flaubert's portrayal of Emma Bovary serves as a sharp social critique by highlighting the limited roles available to women in 19th-century France. Emma's longing for romance and excitement reflects societal constraints that stifle female ambition and personal fulfillment. Through her ultimate downfall, Flaubert critiques not only societal expectations but also the dangers of romantic ideals when juxtaposed with harsh realities. This commentary invites readers to consider the impact of societal norms on individual lives.
• Evaluate the impact of Madame Bovary on subsequent literary movements and its relevance in contemporary literature.
  • Madame Bovary has had a profound impact on subsequent literary movements, particularly modernism and postmodernism, influencing writers to explore complex psychological themes and social critiques within their works. Flaubert’s emphasis on character depth and realistic settings paved the way for later authors to challenge traditional narratives and delve into existential questions. In contemporary literature, Madame Bovary remains relevant as it addresses enduring themes such as identity, desire, and societal expectations, resonating with modern audiences who grapple with similar struggles in their own lives.

Related terms

Realism: A literary movement focused on depicting everyday life and society accurately, often highlighting the struggles of ordinary people.

Naturalism:

A literary movement that extends realism by suggesting that characters are shaped by environment, heredity, and social conditions, often portraying a deterministic view of life.

Romanticism:

An artistic movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the glorification of the past and nature, often in contrast to the more rational approach of realism.