Pericles

Definition

Pericles was a prominent and influential leader in Athens during its Golden Age, specifically from around 461 to 429 BCE. He is best known for his role in promoting democracy and expanding the Athenian empire, which resulted in significant cultural and political advancements. His leadership helped establish Athens as a powerful city-state and a center of art, philosophy, and architecture, particularly during the construction of iconic structures like the Parthenon.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Pericles was instrumental in the development of Athenian democracy by expanding citizenship rights and enabling greater participation in government.
2. Under Pericles' leadership, Athens experienced a cultural flourishing that included advancements in drama, philosophy, and the arts, producing figures like Socrates and playwrights like Aeschylus and Sophocles.
3. The construction of the Parthenon on the Acropolis was commissioned by Pericles to honor the goddess Athena and exemplified the architectural innovations of this period.
4. Pericles introduced policies that increased pay for public officials, allowing even poorer citizens to engage in politics and contribute to civic life.
5. His ambitious building projects and military endeavors strained Athens' resources, setting the stage for future conflicts such as the Peloponnesian War.

Review Questions

• How did Pericles influence the development of democracy in Athens?
  • Pericles had a profound impact on Athenian democracy by expanding citizenship rights and encouraging broader participation in government. He promoted policies that allowed even those without wealth to engage in politics, notably by introducing pay for public officials. This helped create a more inclusive political environment where more citizens could take part in decision-making processes, solidifying democracy as a cornerstone of Athenian society.
• Discuss the significance of the Parthenon in relation to Pericles' leadership and Athenian culture.
  • The Parthenon stands as a testament to Pericles' vision for Athens during its Golden Age. Commissioned under his leadership, this monumental temple not only honored the goddess Athena but also symbolized the cultural achievements of Athens at that time. The architectural brilliance of the Parthenon reflects the advancements made in art and design during Pericles' era, showcasing Athens' status as a leading city-state in both political power and cultural influence.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of Pericles' policies on Athens, particularly concerning its military engagement and eventual decline.
  • While Pericles' policies significantly advanced democracy and culture in Athens, they also contributed to the city's military ambitions that led to costly conflicts such as the Peloponnesian War. His expansionist strategies strained resources and ultimately exposed vulnerabilities within Athenian society. The war resulted in significant losses for Athens, both militarily and economically, leading to a decline in its influence. This complex legacy illustrates how Pericles' efforts to elevate Athens may have inadvertently set it on a path toward downfall.

Related terms

Athenian Democracy: A system of direct democracy developed in Athens, where citizens participated in decision-making and governance, allowing for greater public involvement in political processes.

Acropolis: A fortified hilltop in Athens that served as a religious center and housed important buildings, including the Parthenon, symbolizing the city's power and cultural achievements.

Peloponnesian War:

A protracted conflict between Athens and Sparta, along with their respective allies, which ultimately led to the decline of Athenian power and influence in the ancient Greek world.