Ontological argument

Definition

The ontological argument is a philosophical reasoning that seeks to prove the existence of God through abstract concepts alone, particularly by defining God as a being than which nothing greater can be conceived. This argument suggests that if one can conceive of such a being, then it must exist in reality because existence is a necessary attribute of the greatest conceivable being. This idea has been influential in medieval and modern philosophy, prompting debates about the nature of existence and the characteristics of God.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Anselm's ontological argument is often summarized in the premise that if God exists in the mind as the greatest conceivable being, then God must also exist in reality because existing in reality is greater than existing solely in thought.
2. The argument has faced significant criticisms, notably from Gaunilo and later philosophers like Kant, who argued that existence is not a predicate or attribute that enhances the concept of a being.
3. In modern philosophy, Descartes reformulated the ontological argument, claiming that existence is part of God's essence, making God's existence self-evident.
4. The ontological argument relies heavily on logical deduction and abstract reasoning rather than empirical evidence or observation, which makes it distinct from other arguments for God's existence.
5. The debate surrounding the ontological argument has contributed to important discussions in metaphysics and epistemology, raising questions about how we define and understand existence.

Review Questions

• How does Anselm's formulation of the ontological argument seek to establish the existence of God?
  • Anselm's formulation of the ontological argument posits that God, defined as the greatest conceivable being, must exist in reality because existence is a perfection. If God existed only in the mind, then a greater being could be conceived—one that exists both in thought and reality. Thus, Anselm concludes that true perfection necessitates existence beyond mere conceptualization.
• What are some key criticisms raised against the ontological argument, particularly those presented by Gaunilo and Kant?
  • Gaunilo criticized the ontological argument by introducing the analogy of a perfect island, arguing that just because one can conceive of a perfect island does not mean it exists in reality. Kant further criticized it by asserting that existence is not a predicate; simply stating that something exists does not add to its essence or concept. These critiques highlight the challenges of proving existence through abstract definitions.
• Evaluate the relevance of the ontological argument in contemporary philosophical discussions about metaphysics and theology.
  • The relevance of the ontological argument today lies in its impact on ongoing debates regarding the nature of existence and divine attributes. Philosophers continue to examine whether abstract reasoning can effectively demonstrate existence and how this shapes our understanding of God. The argument prompts reflection on faith versus reason, ultimately influencing both metaphysical inquiry and theological perspectives on God's nature.

Related terms

Anselm of Canterbury: A medieval philosopher and theologian who is best known for formulating the first version of the ontological argument in his work 'Proslogion.'

Gaunilo's Perfect Island: A critique of the ontological argument proposed by Gaunilo, suggesting that one cannot define something into existence, using the analogy of a perfect island.

Descartes' Ontological Argument: A modern version of the ontological argument put forth by René Descartes, asserting that God's existence is as certain as mathematical truths due to God's nature of being a supremely perfect being.