Aztec

Definition

The Aztec civilization was a prominent Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. Known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive architectural feats, and rich mythology, the Aztecs established a vast empire centered in Tenochtitlan, which became one of the largest cities in the world at its peak. Their society was characterized by a complex social hierarchy, polytheistic religion, and significant contributions to art and science.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Aztec civilization was established around 1325 AD when the Mexica people founded Tenochtitlan after receiving a prophecy about an eagle on a cactus.
2. Their society was highly stratified, with nobles (pipiltin), commoners (macehualtin), and slaves (tlacotin) each having specific roles and privileges.
3. The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice as a religious duty, believing it was necessary to appease their gods and ensure the continuation of the world.
4. Agriculture was central to Aztec life, with innovative practices such as chinampas, or floating gardens, enabling them to produce surplus crops.
5. The Spanish conquest led by Hernán Cortés resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521, marking a significant turning point in Mesoamerican history.

Review Questions

• How did the geography of Tenochtitlan influence the development of the Aztec civilization?
  • Tenochtitlan's location on an island in Lake Texcoco significantly shaped the Aztec civilization. The surrounding water provided natural defense against enemies while also facilitating trade and transportation. The city's unique layout, with canals and causeways, showcased advanced engineering skills and allowed for effective agriculture through chinampas. This strategic geographical advantage contributed to Tenochtitlan becoming one of the largest cities in the world at its peak.
• Evaluate the role of religion in Aztec society and how it affected their political structure.
  • Religion was deeply intertwined with all aspects of Aztec life, influencing everything from daily activities to governance. The ruling class derived legitimacy from their connection to the gods, and the emperor was viewed as a divine figure. Major religious ceremonies often involved human sacrifices, which reinforced social hierarchies and unity among the people while also asserting political power over conquered territories. The integration of religious beliefs into politics helped sustain their empire despite its complex challenges.
• Analyze the impact of Spanish conquest on the Aztec civilization and how it altered Mesoamerican history.
  • The Spanish conquest marked a dramatic end to the Aztec civilization, resulting in widespread destruction of their cultural and religious practices. Hernán Cortés's arrival led to not just military defeat but also significant demographic changes due to disease, forced conversion to Christianity, and loss of autonomy for indigenous populations. This conquest fundamentally altered Mesoamerican history by paving the way for European colonization, disrupting existing social structures, and initiating a process of cultural syncretism that would define Mexico's future.

Related terms

Tenochtitlan:

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco, known for its advanced urban planning and impressive temples.

Quetzalcoatl:

A major deity in Aztec mythology, often depicted as a feathered serpent, symbolizing wind and wisdom, and associated with creation and the arts.

Tribute System:

The method by which the Aztecs required conquered peoples to pay taxes in goods or services, forming a crucial part of their economy and political power.