key term - Vedanta

Definition

Vedanta is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, primarily focused on the teachings and interpretations of the Upanishads, which explore the nature of reality, the self, and ultimate liberation (moksha). It has significantly influenced various aspects of Hindu thought, including ethics, spirituality, and understanding of the universe.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Vedanta has multiple sub-schools, including Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), and Dvaita (dualism), each offering different perspectives on the relationship between Atman and Brahman.
2. The teachings of Vedanta emphasize that knowledge and realization of one's true self lead to liberation from ignorance and suffering.
3. Prominent philosophers such as Adi Shankaracharya contributed significantly to Advaita Vedanta, advocating for the idea that Atman and Brahman are fundamentally the same.
4. Vedanta's principles have shaped not just Hindu spirituality but also influenced modern Indian thinkers and movements like the Ramakrishna Order.
5. In terms of ethics, Vedanta teaches that adhering to dharma is essential for achieving moksha, as it reflects one's duty in accordance with cosmic order.

Review Questions

• How does Vedanta's interpretation of the Upanishads shape its views on reality and self?
  • Vedanta interprets the Upanishads as foundational texts that reveal the nature of reality as interconnected with the self. It teaches that understanding the concept of Brahman—ultimate reality—leads to the realization that Atman, or individual self, is essentially one with Brahman. This understanding transforms one's perception of existence and selfhood, guiding practitioners toward spiritual liberation.
• Discuss the significance of Advaita Vedanta in shaping Hindu philosophical thought and its implications for understanding moksha.
  • Advaita Vedanta, primarily articulated by Adi Shankaracharya, posits a non-dualistic view where there is no distinction between Atman and Brahman. This school asserts that realizing this unity is crucial for achieving moksha. The implications are profound: if individuals recognize their essential oneness with ultimate reality, they can transcend the illusions of individuality and duality that bind them to suffering in samsara.
• Evaluate how Vedanta addresses ethical considerations through its teachings on dharma in relation to moksha.
  • Vedanta interlinks ethical behavior with spiritual goals by emphasizing dharma as a fundamental principle guiding actions. It teaches that adhering to dharma not only fulfills one's responsibilities within society but also aligns individuals with cosmic order. This alignment is viewed as essential for attaining moksha, since living ethically purifies the mind and leads to greater self-realization and harmony with Brahman.

Related terms

Upanishads:

Ancient texts that form the philosophical basis of Vedanta, discussing concepts like Brahman (the ultimate reality) and Atman (the individual self).

Brahman:

The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, which Vedanta emphasizes as being synonymous with the individual soul (Atman).

Moksha: The liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara), which is a key goal in Vedanta philosophy as it leads to unity with Brahman.