Hatshepsut

Definition

Hatshepsut was one of the few female pharaohs of ancient Egypt, ruling during the 18th Dynasty in the early 15th century BCE. She is best known for her monumental architecture, including her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari, and for promoting trade expeditions that enriched Egypt's economy. Her reign marked a significant period in Egyptian history, characterized by extensive building projects and the expansion of trade routes, reflecting the important role women could hold in positions of power.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Hatshepsut ruled as pharaoh for about 22 years, initially as regent for her stepson Thutmose III before declaring herself pharaoh.
2. Her reign was marked by peace and economic prosperity, allowing her to focus on large-scale building projects and trade expeditions, especially to Punt.
3. Hatshepsut is often depicted in male clothing and with male features in statues and reliefs to assert her authority as pharaoh.
4. Her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari is considered one of the architectural wonders of ancient Egypt, featuring terraces and colonnades integrated into the natural landscape.
5. After her death, Hatshepsut's legacy was largely erased by Thutmose III, who sought to diminish her image, but modern archaeology has revived her story.

Review Questions

• How did Hatshepsut's reign challenge traditional gender roles in ancient Egypt?
  • Hatshepsut's reign as a female pharaoh challenged the conventional gender roles of ancient Egypt by demonstrating that women could hold significant power and authority typically reserved for men. She adopted male regalia and titles to assert her position, ruling as pharaoh rather than merely a queen or regent. This bold move not only influenced how women were viewed in positions of power but also highlighted the flexibility within the structures of Egyptian governance regarding gender.
• What were some key contributions of Hatshepsut to Egyptian art and architecture during her reign?
  • Hatshepsut made substantial contributions to Egyptian art and architecture, most notably through her construction of impressive monuments like her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari. This temple featured innovative design elements such as terraces and colonnades that blended harmoniously with the surrounding cliffs. Additionally, she commissioned numerous obelisks, including the pair that stood at Karnak Temple, showcasing advancements in sculptural techniques and artistic expression during her rule.
• Evaluate the impact of Hatshepsut's trade expeditions on Egypt's economy and its historical significance.
  • Hatshepsut's trade expeditions significantly boosted Egypt's economy by establishing trade routes with distant lands, particularly Punt. These expeditions brought back valuable resources like gold, myrrh, and exotic goods that enhanced Egypt’s wealth and cultural exchange. The economic prosperity generated during her reign not only allowed for extensive building projects but also established a precedent for future rulers in terms of diplomatic relations and resource acquisition, influencing Egypt’s economic strategies long after her death.

Related terms

Pharaoh: The title used for ancient Egyptian rulers, who were considered gods on earth and held absolute power over their subjects.

Obelisk: A tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument with a pyramidion on top, often associated with sun worship and erected as a symbol of the pharaoh's power.

Deir el-Bahari: The site of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple located on the west bank of the Nile near Luxor, renowned for its unique architecture and beautiful reliefs.