Vertical excavation

Definition

Vertical excavation is a method used in archaeology that involves digging straight down into the ground to uncover layers of soil and artifacts in a specific area. This technique is essential for understanding the stratigraphy of a site, revealing how different layers correspond to various time periods and cultural practices. It provides archaeologists with a clear view of the chronological sequence of human activity at the site, allowing them to analyze changes over time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Vertical excavation helps archaeologists to document the chronological sequence of artifacts, making it possible to establish a timeline of human activity.
2. This method often requires precise techniques such as the use of trowels and brushes to avoid disturbing delicate artifacts.
3. Vertical excavation can reveal different cultural layers, such as domestic refuse, burial contexts, or construction remains.
4. It contrasts with horizontal excavation, which seeks to expose a larger area at one specific depth to understand how structures and spaces were used.
5. Vertical excavation sites can provide critical data for relative dating techniques by analyzing the sequence and context of the found materials.

Review Questions

• How does vertical excavation contribute to understanding the stratigraphy of an archaeological site?
  • Vertical excavation plays a key role in revealing the stratigraphy of an archaeological site by allowing archaeologists to dig down through various layers of soil and artifacts. Each layer corresponds to different time periods or cultural practices, providing insights into how human activity has changed over time. By carefully documenting these layers, archaeologists can construct a timeline that reflects the historical development of the site.
• Discuss the relationship between vertical excavation and context in archaeological research.
  • Vertical excavation is closely linked to the concept of context, as it involves uncovering artifacts within their specific stratigraphic layers. The context provides crucial information about the use and significance of artifacts, helping archaeologists understand how they relate to each other and to the broader site. By analyzing this context during vertical excavation, researchers can make informed interpretations about past human behavior and cultural practices.
• Evaluate how vertical excavation affects the application of relative dating techniques in archaeology.
  • Vertical excavation significantly enhances the application of relative dating techniques by providing a clear chronological sequence through the stratification of layers. As different artifacts are unearthed from distinct strata, archaeologists can determine their relative ages based on their depth and associated context. This process not only aids in establishing timelines but also allows researchers to draw connections between cultural phases and changes over time, leading to a more nuanced understanding of human history.

Related terms

Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers and layering, which in archaeology refers to the layering of soil and artifacts that can indicate different historical periods.

Context: The position and association of an artifact within its surrounding layers of soil, which helps determine its significance and date.

Site Formation Processes: The various natural and human activities that affect how archaeological sites are formed, preserved, and altered over time.