Gerrymandering

Definition

Gerrymandering is the manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one political party or class over another. It is a strategic practice used to influence the outcome of elections by drawing district lines in a way that dilutes the opposing party's votes and concentrates the favored party's votes.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Gerrymandering can be used to create safe districts for one party, making it difficult for the opposing party to gain a foothold.
2. The practice of gerrymandering dates back to the early 19th century, when it was named after Elbridge Gerry, the governor of Massachusetts who signed a bill that created a district resembling a salamander.
3. Gerrymandering can lead to a disconnect between the popular vote and the distribution of elected representatives, undermining the principle of one person, one vote.
4. The Supreme Court has ruled that gerrymandering can be unconstitutional if it violates the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law.
5. Efforts to combat gerrymandering include the use of independent redistricting commissions and the development of mathematical models to measure the fairness of district boundaries.

Review Questions

• Explain how gerrymandering can be used to influence the outcome of elections.
  • Gerrymandering allows political parties to manipulate the boundaries of electoral districts to their advantage. By strategically drawing district lines, they can dilute the opposing party's votes (cracking) or concentrate them in a few districts (packing), making it more difficult for the opposing party to win a majority of seats. This can lead to a disconnect between the popular vote and the distribution of elected representatives, undermining the principle of one person, one vote and skewing the political landscape in favor of the gerrymandering party.
• Describe the historical context and legal implications of gerrymandering.
  • The practice of gerrymandering dates back to the early 19th century, when it was named after Elbridge Gerry, the governor of Massachusetts who signed a bill that created a district resembling a salamander. Over time, gerrymandering has become a widely used tactic to gain partisan advantage in elections. The Supreme Court has ruled that gerrymandering can be unconstitutional if it violates the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law. Efforts to combat gerrymandering include the use of independent redistricting commissions and the development of mathematical models to measure the fairness of district boundaries, with the goal of ensuring more equitable and representative electoral outcomes.
• Analyze the impact of gerrymandering on the theoretical perspectives of government and power, as discussed in the 17.4 section of the course.
  • Gerrymandering directly challenges the theoretical perspectives on government and power outlined in the 17.4 section of the course. From a pluralist perspective, gerrymandering undermines the idea of a level playing field and fair competition between different interest groups and political parties. It concentrates power in the hands of the gerrymandering party, diminishing the ability of other groups to effectively participate in the political process. From a conflict theory standpoint, gerrymandering can be seen as a tool used by the dominant political class to maintain power and suppress the voices of marginalized groups. This practice erodes the democratic principles of equal representation and self-governance, ultimately shifting the balance of power in favor of the gerrymandering party and away from the will of the people.

Related terms

Redistricting: The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries, which can be used for gerrymandering purposes.

Cracking and Packing: Techniques used in gerrymandering to dilute the opposing party's votes by spreading them across multiple districts (cracking) or concentrating them in a few districts (packing).

Partisan Advantage: The goal of gerrymandering, which is to create an unfair electoral advantage for a particular political party or group.