Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

Definition

Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are molecules that can initiate and perpetuate immune responses in the body following cellular damage or stress. These signals alert the immune system to potential threats, even in the absence of pathogens, by triggering inflammation and activating immune cells. DAMPs are crucial for recognizing tissue injury and promoting repair processes, as well as shaping adaptive immunity.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. DAMPs include a variety of molecules such as heat shock proteins, uric acid, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which are released from damaged or dying cells.
2. These molecules are recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, leading to the activation of inflammatory pathways.
3. DAMPs play a significant role in the sterile inflammation process, where tissue injury occurs without the presence of pathogens.
4. The presence of DAMPs can lead to chronic inflammatory conditions if not regulated properly, contributing to diseases like autoimmune disorders.
5. DAMPs help bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses by influencing T cell activation and differentiation following an injury.

Review Questions

• How do DAMPs contribute to the activation of the immune response following tissue damage?
  • DAMPs contribute to the immune response by signaling through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on immune cells when tissue is damaged or stressed. These signals initiate inflammation and recruit various immune cells to the site of injury. This activation helps clear dead or damaged cells and promotes healing, making DAMPs critical for both immediate defense mechanisms and long-term tissue repair.
• Discuss the role of DAMPs in the context of sterile inflammation and its implications for disease processes.
  • In sterile inflammation, DAMPs are released due to tissue injury without any infectious agents present. They trigger an inflammatory response that can lead to tissue repair; however, if this process becomes dysregulated, it can result in chronic inflammation. This persistent state is implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune conditions where the body mistakenly attacks its own tissues due to an exaggerated response to DAMPs.
• Evaluate the importance of DAMPs in connecting innate and adaptive immunity during immune responses.
  • DAMPs play a pivotal role in linking innate and adaptive immunity by influencing T cell activation after an injury. They not only promote immediate inflammatory responses but also shape the adaptive immune response by providing signals that help activate T cells and drive their differentiation. This connection ensures a coordinated response to both acute injuries and ongoing immune challenges, highlighting the significance of DAMPs in overall immune system function.

Related terms

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs):

Molecules on immune cells that detect PAMPs and DAMPs, facilitating the recognition of pathogens and damaged tissues.

Inflammation: A biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or damaged cells, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Cytokines:

Small proteins released by cells that have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells in the immune system.