Twelver Shia

Definition

Twelver Shia, also known as Ithna Ashariyya, is the largest branch of Shia Islam, which believes in a line of twelve Imams as the rightful spiritual and political successors to the Prophet Muhammad. This branch holds that these Imams are divinely appointed and infallible leaders, whose authority is crucial for interpreting Islamic law and guiding the community of believers.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Twelver Shia Islam developed after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, particularly following the dispute over his rightful successor.
2. The twelve Imams are believed to have unique qualities, including infallibility and divine guidance, making them central figures in Twelver beliefs.
3. The last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, is said to be in occultation and will reappear to establish justice on Earth, which is a key aspect of Twelver eschatology.
4. Twelver Shia practices include specific rituals such as prayer, fasting during Ramadan, and commemorating significant events related to the Imams.
5. Iran is considered the center of Twelver Shia Islam, where it plays a major role in politics and governance, especially after the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

Review Questions

• How does the belief in the Imamate differentiate Twelver Shia from Sunni Islam?
  • The belief in the Imamate is a defining feature that sets Twelver Shia apart from Sunni Islam. While Sunnis recognize a broader range of leaders without divine appointment, Twelvers believe that only the twelve designated Imams possess infallible authority and spiritual guidance. This belief influences their religious practices, governance structures, and interpretations of Islamic law.
• Discuss the significance of Ashura in Twelver Shia Islam and how it reflects their religious identity.
  • Ashura holds immense significance for Twelver Shia Muslims as it commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Hussein at the Battle of Karbala. This event symbolizes resistance against tyranny and injustice, reinforcing key values within Shia identity. The rituals associated with Ashura serve not only as a means of mourning but also as a unifying moment for Twelver communities to express their faith and commitment to the teachings of their Imams.
• Evaluate how the concept of Occultation impacts contemporary Twelver Shia thought and practice.
  • The concept of Occultation profoundly shapes contemporary Twelver Shia thought by creating a sense of anticipation for the return of Imam al-Mahdi. This belief encourages followers to engage in social justice efforts and uphold Islamic principles while waiting for his reappearance. Additionally, it fosters a unique relationship between religious leaders and their communities, as they often play a critical role in interpreting religious guidance during this period of absence, impacting everything from governance to individual piety.

Related terms

Imamate: The concept of leadership in Twelver Shia Islam, where Imams are seen as appointed leaders with spiritual and temporal authority.

Ashura: A significant day for Twelver Shia, commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, the grandson of Muhammad, which is marked by mourning rituals and remembrance.

Occultation: The belief in Twelver Shia that the twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, has gone into hiding and will reappear to bring justice and peace at the end of times.