key term - Nez Perce

Definition

The Nez Perce are a Native American tribe from the Pacific Northwest, known for their equestrian skills and complex social structure. They played a significant role during the westward expansion of American settlers, particularly in relation to the events surrounding the Oregon Trail and subsequent conflicts with the United States government over land rights and sovereignty.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Nez Perce lived in the region that is now northeastern Oregon, northern Idaho, and southeastern Washington, with a rich culture centered on fishing, hunting, and gathering.
2. The Nez Perce were initially friendly to European-American settlers and played a key role in aiding Lewis and Clark during their expedition in 1805.
3. Despite early cooperation, tensions grew as settlers encroached on Nez Perce lands, leading to the Treaty of Walla Walla which was later broken by the U.S. government.
4. The Nez Perce War of 1877 saw Chief Joseph lead his people in a strategic retreat toward Canada, but they were eventually forced to surrender after a lengthy pursuit by the U.S. Army.
5. Chief Joseph's surrender marked a significant moment in U.S.-Native American relations, highlighting issues of land rights and sovereignty that persisted long after the conflict.

Review Questions

• How did the Nez Perce initially interact with European-American settlers during westward expansion?
  • Initially, the Nez Perce had positive interactions with European-American settlers. They aided Lewis and Clark during their expedition by providing food and guidance through their territory. This friendly relationship continued for some time as settlers moved into the region, with the Nez Perce sharing their knowledge of the land and resources. However, this cooperation gradually deteriorated as settlers began to encroach on their lands, leading to conflicts over territory and resources.
• Evaluate the significance of the Treaty of Walla Walla for the Nez Perce tribe and its implications for U.S.-Native American relations.
  • The Treaty of Walla Walla was significant for the Nez Perce tribe as it formally recognized their land rights by establishing a reservation for them. However, this treaty was later violated by the U.S. government when settlers continued to encroach on Nez Perce lands. The failure to honor this treaty highlighted broader issues in U.S.-Native American relations, where promises were frequently broken. This violation contributed to escalating tensions that ultimately led to armed conflict during the Nez Perce War.
• Analyze how Chief Joseph's leadership during the Nez Perce War reflected broader themes of resistance against U.S. expansion and policy toward Native Americans.
  • Chief Joseph's leadership during the Nez Perce War exemplified the struggle for Native American rights and resistance against U.S. expansionist policies. His strategic retreat towards Canada showcased both military acumen and deep commitment to protecting his people’s rights and way of life. The war itself became a symbol of Native American resistance against forced relocation and loss of sovereignty. Chief Joseph's eloquent speeches following his surrender highlighted the injustices faced by Native Americans, drawing attention to their plight in a rapidly changing America and resonating with ongoing debates about indigenous rights.

Related terms

Chief Joseph: A prominent leader of the Nez Perce tribe, known for his efforts to resist forced relocation and his eloquent speeches advocating for Native American rights.

Treaty of Walla Walla: An agreement signed in 1855 that established a Nez Perce reservation but was later violated by the U.S. government, leading to conflicts over land.

The Nez Perce War: A conflict that occurred in 1877 between the Nez Perce tribe and the United States Army, resulting from U.S. attempts to forcibly remove the tribe from their ancestral lands.