key term - Natural Numbers

Definition

Natural numbers are the set of positive integers starting from 1 and extending infinitely (1, 2, 3, ...). They are fundamental in mathematics and form the basis for counting, ordering, and mathematical induction, where they play a key role in proving statements about integers.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Natural numbers are used primarily for counting and ordering objects.
2. The set of natural numbers is often denoted by the symbol ℕ.
3. In mathematical induction, the base case usually starts with the smallest natural number, which is typically 1.
4. Every natural number can be expressed as a sum of smaller natural numbers, which is significant in proofs involving recursion.
5. Natural numbers are closed under addition and multiplication but not under subtraction or division.

Review Questions

• How do natural numbers relate to mathematical induction and why is this relationship important?
  • Natural numbers are central to mathematical induction because this proof technique relies on establishing a base case (usually starting at the smallest natural number) and demonstrating that if a statement holds for one natural number, it must hold for the next. This process allows mathematicians to prove properties or formulas that apply to all natural numbers. By using natural numbers in induction, we can systematically validate claims across an infinite set.
• Compare and contrast natural numbers with whole numbers and explain how this impacts mathematical operations.
  • Natural numbers begin at 1 and do not include zero, whereas whole numbers include both natural numbers and zero. This difference affects operations such as subtraction; while subtracting two natural numbers can yield a non-natural result (for example, 2 - 3 = -1), subtracting whole numbers will always yield a whole number or a non-positive result. Understanding this distinction is crucial when performing operations that involve these sets.
• Evaluate how the properties of natural numbers influence their use in different areas of mathematics, such as algebra and number theory.
  • The properties of natural numbers greatly influence their application in various branches of mathematics. For example, in algebra, they serve as foundational elements for creating equations and inequalities. In number theory, their properties enable investigations into prime factorization and divisibility. The closure property under addition and multiplication means that any combination of natural numbers will yield another natural number, making them vital for establishing more complex mathematical concepts and proofs.

Related terms

Whole Numbers:

Whole numbers include all natural numbers along with zero (0, 1, 2, 3, ...), extending the concept of counting to include zero.

Integers:

Integers are a set of numbers that include natural numbers, their negative counterparts, and zero (..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...), providing a more comprehensive number system.

Mathematical Induction:

Mathematical induction is a proof technique used to establish the truth of an infinite number of statements that can be indexed by natural numbers.