John L. Stevens

Definition

John L. Stevens was the U.S. Minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1893 to 1898, and he played a crucial role in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. His support for the annexation of Hawaii by the United States and his involvement in the coup against the queen made him a controversial figure in Hawaiian history. Stevens was instrumental in facilitating the actions of American and local business interests that sought to dethrone the queen, ultimately leading to the establishment of a provisional government.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. John L. Stevens declared a state of emergency in Hawaii and justified American intervention in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani.
2. He supported the establishment of a provisional government after the queen was deposed, which eventually led to Hawaii's annexation by the United States.
3. Stevens’ actions were motivated by a desire to protect American economic interests in Hawaii, particularly sugar plantations.
4. The overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani was part of broader imperialistic efforts by the United States during the late 19th century.
5. Stevens' involvement has been criticized for undermining Hawaiian sovereignty and contributing to the loss of native governance.

Review Questions

• How did John L. Stevens' role as U.S. Minister influence the political landscape of Hawaii during Queen Liliuokalani's reign?
  • John L. Stevens used his position as U.S. Minister to intervene directly in Hawaiian politics, particularly by backing those who sought to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani. His declaration of a state of emergency and support for American business interests set the stage for a coup that ultimately deposed the queen. This interference significantly shifted Hawaii's governance towards American control and diminished native leadership.
• Discuss the implications of John L. Stevens' support for the provisional government following the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani.
  • John L. Stevens' support for the provisional government created a critical turning point in Hawaiian history, as it marked the transition from monarchical rule to American-influenced governance. This new government paved the way for Hawaii's eventual annexation by the United States, undermining native sovereignty and altering the political structure within Hawaii permanently. The implications were profound, leading to widespread changes in local governance and societal norms influenced by American policies.
• Evaluate how John L. Stevens' actions contributed to larger themes of imperialism and colonization during the late 19th century.
  • John L. Stevens' actions exemplify key themes of imperialism and colonization that characterized U.S. foreign policy in the late 19th century. His involvement in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani was motivated by economic interests tied to American business elites and reflected a broader trend of expanding U.S. influence over foreign territories. The resulting annexation of Hawaii illustrated how diplomatic positions could be leveraged to promote imperial ambitions, raising ethical questions about sovereignty, governance, and cultural preservation in colonized regions.

Related terms

Annexation:

The process by which one state takes over territory or sovereignty of another state, often against the will of its population.

Provisional Government:

A temporary government established to replace a deposed authority, typically formed during times of political upheaval.

Queen Liliuokalani:

The last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, who was overthrown in 1893 during a coup supported by John L. Stevens and American interests.