Iwi kupuna refers to the ancestral bones or remains of Native Hawaiians, embodying the connection between the living and their ancestors. These remains are not just physical artifacts but are considered sacred and integral to cultural identity, spirituality, and the continuation of lineage. The significance of iwi kupuna is deeply rooted in Hawaiian culture, as they hold immense value in the understanding of heritage, land rights, and identity, especially in legal contexts involving Native Hawaiian rights and land disputes.