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🏓history of modern china review

Rise of Chinese Communism

Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated September 2025
Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated September 2025

Definition

The rise of Chinese communism refers to the emergence and establishment of the Communist Party of China (CPC) as a dominant political force in the early 20th century, culminating in the Chinese Civil War and the eventual victory over the Nationalists in 1949. This period was characterized by a growing discontent with traditional governance and an increasing appeal of Marxist ideologies among the peasant population, especially after World War I.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. The rise of Chinese communism was greatly influenced by social unrest and dissatisfaction with warlord rule and foreign imperialism in the early 20th century.
  2. The formation of the First United Front in 1924 was a crucial alliance between the CPC and the Nationalist Party (KMT) aimed at fighting warlords and unifying China.
  3. After their initial cooperation, tensions between the CPC and KMT escalated, leading to violent confrontations, particularly during the Shanghai Massacre in 1927.
  4. The Long March (1934-1935), a strategic retreat by the Red Army, solidified Mao Zedong's leadership within the CPC and became a symbol of communist perseverance.
  5. World War II shifted political dynamics in China, as both communists and nationalists fought against Japanese invasion, allowing the CPC to gain popular support through its land reform policies.

Review Questions

  • How did social conditions in early 20th century China contribute to the rise of communism?
    • Social conditions such as widespread poverty, foreign exploitation, and political instability created an environment ripe for revolutionary ideas. Discontent with traditional governance and warlord rule led many people to seek alternatives. The Communist Party's promises of land reform and social equality resonated particularly with the peasant population who were suffering under harsh conditions, paving the way for their support for communist ideologies.
  • Discuss how the First United Front impacted the early development of Chinese communism.
    • The First United Front marked a significant moment in the rise of Chinese communism as it represented a tactical alliance between the Communist Party and the Nationalist Party. This collaboration aimed to fight against warlords and promote national unity. However, it also set the stage for future conflicts when ideological differences emerged, particularly after the violent split in 1927, leading to a civil war that ultimately strengthened the CPC's resolve and organization.
  • Evaluate Mao Zedong's role in shaping Chinese communism during its rise and how his leadership influenced subsequent policies.
    • Mao Zedong was instrumental in shaping Chinese communism through his emphasis on a peasant-led revolution, which diverged from traditional Marxist views that prioritized industrial workers. His leadership during critical events like the Long March helped solidify his position within the Communist Party and allowed him to implement policies focused on land reform that appealed to rural populations. Mao's ideology laid the groundwork for future policies that prioritized agrarian socialism and significantly impacted China's socio-political landscape following the establishment of communist rule.