key term - New Imperialism

Definition

New Imperialism refers to the wave of colonial expansion that occurred from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, characterized by European powers seeking direct control over vast territories in Africa and Asia. This era was marked by intense competition among European nations for overseas colonies, driven by economic interests, national prestige, and the belief in racial superiority, often justified through a sense of civilizing mission.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. New Imperialism was driven by industrialization, which increased the demand for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.
2. European powers held the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 to lay down rules for the colonization of Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continent among themselves.
3. This period saw significant technological advancements in transportation and military capabilities, enabling European nations to conquer and control distant lands more effectively.
4. The ideology of Social Darwinism emerged during New Imperialism, promoting the idea that stronger nations had a right to dominate weaker ones.
5. Resistance movements in colonized regions often led to violent conflicts, but many indigenous cultures also adapted and negotiated with imperial powers.

Review Questions

• How did economic factors drive New Imperialism in Europe during the late 19th century?
  • Economic factors played a crucial role in driving New Imperialism as European nations sought new markets for their industrial goods and sources of raw materials for their factories. The Industrial Revolution created an insatiable demand for resources like rubber, oil, and minerals, prompting countries to secure colonies where they could extract these materials. Additionally, overseas expansion was seen as a way to enhance national wealth and power, making imperial conquests an attractive option for governments looking to boost their economies.
• Discuss the impact of New Imperialism on Africa and Asia, particularly regarding social structures and economies.
  • New Imperialism had profound impacts on the social structures and economies of African and Asian societies. Colonizers imposed new political systems that disrupted traditional governance, often leading to social upheaval. Economically, local industries were frequently undermined as colonial powers prioritized resource extraction over local production. This exploitation reoriented economies toward serving European interests, resulting in a legacy of dependency that would affect post-colonial development. Indigenous populations faced cultural disruptions as Western education and values were introduced, which often clashed with local traditions.
• Evaluate the long-term consequences of New Imperialism on global relations in the 20th century.
  • The long-term consequences of New Imperialism significantly shaped global relations in the 20th century. The arbitrary borders drawn by colonial powers often led to ethnic tensions and conflicts after independence. The struggle against colonial rule inspired nationalist movements across Africa and Asia, contributing to a wave of decolonization post-World War II. Additionally, the legacy of imperialism fostered economic disparities between formerly colonized nations and Western countries, influencing international relations through ongoing debates about development aid and economic justice. The ideologies and conflicts born from this era continue to resonate in contemporary geopolitics.

Related terms

Scramble for Africa:

The rapid invasion, occupation, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the late 19th century.

Colonialism: The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting its resources.

White Man's Burden:

A phrase used to justify imperialism, suggesting that it was the duty of Western powers to civilize non-Western peoples.