St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Definition

St. Bernard of Clairvaux was a prominent 12th-century monk and theologian, known for his role in the Cistercian monastic movement and the promotion of spiritual reform within the Church. He founded the Abbey of Clairvaux and became one of the most influential figures in medieval Europe, advocating for a return to simplicity and devotion in monastic life, which significantly shaped monasticism and religious orders during his time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. St. Bernard played a critical role in the establishment of over 300 Cistercian monasteries across Europe, which helped spread the order's influence.
2. He is known for his eloquent sermons and writings, including 'On Loving God,' which explored deep theological themes and personal piety.
3. St. Bernard was instrumental in promoting the Second Crusade (1147-1149), urging knights to take up arms for the Christian cause, although it ultimately ended in failure.
4. His emphasis on personal spirituality and devotion led to a focus on love and compassion in Christian teachings during a time when many monasteries had become more focused on wealth and power.
5. St. Bernard's influence extended beyond his lifetime, as he was canonized by Pope Alexander III in 1174 and declared a Doctor of the Church in 1830.

Review Questions

• How did St. Bernard of Clairvaux contribute to the spread of the Cistercian Order during the 12th century?
  • St. Bernard was pivotal in promoting the Cistercian Order, founding numerous monasteries throughout Europe, which allowed for the rapid expansion of their influence. His leadership at Clairvaux served as a model for other communities, emphasizing simplicity and adherence to monastic rules. His strong commitment to reforming monastic life inspired many to join the Cistercian movement, ultimately leading to over 300 foundations under his guidance.
• Evaluate the impact of St. Bernard's writings on medieval spirituality and theology.
  • St. Bernard's writings significantly shaped medieval spirituality by focusing on deep personal devotion and love for God. His works, such as 'On Loving God,' offered profound insights into mystical theology and encouraged believers to pursue a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation. This emphasis on inner spirituality helped to revive a more heartfelt approach to faith during a time when many were critical of the materialism found in some monastic communities.
• Assess the significance of St. Bernard's role in promoting the Second Crusade and its implications for medieval Christendom.
  • St. Bernard's active promotion of the Second Crusade marked a significant moment in medieval Christendom, reflecting both his influence as a spiritual leader and the complexities of crusading zeal during that era. While he rallied support for the crusade with impassioned sermons, its failure led to a reassessment of crusading ideals and strategies among European Christians. This event highlighted the challenges faced by religious leaders in mobilizing support for military ventures while navigating political realities, ultimately shaping perceptions of crusading efforts for generations to come.

Related terms

Cistercians:

A reformist monastic order founded in 1098 that emphasized strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict and advocated for a life of simplicity, manual labor, and prayer.

Rule of St. Benedict: A set of guidelines written by St. Benedict in the 6th century that became foundational for Western monasticism, outlining the communal and spiritual life of monks.

Monastic Reform: The movement within the Church during the Middle Ages aimed at reviving the spiritual fervor of monastic communities through stricter adherence to monastic rules and practices.