Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Definition

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a reproductive technology that allows genetic testing of embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before implantation in the uterus. This technique enables prospective parents to screen embryos for specific genetic disorders or conditions, which raises significant ethical considerations regarding reproductive choices, eugenics, and the implications of genetic engineering.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. PGD is typically performed on embryos that have been created through IVF, allowing for genetic assessment prior to implantation.
2. The process involves removing one or more cells from the embryo to analyze its genetic makeup, which can identify hereditary diseases or conditions.
3. Parents can use PGD to select embryos free of specific genetic disorders, potentially reducing the risk of passing on serious health issues.
4. Ethical concerns surrounding PGD include the potential for 'designer babies,' where parents might choose embryos based on desirable traits rather than solely preventing disease.
5. Laws and regulations regarding PGD vary by country, affecting access and the permissible uses of this technology in reproductive health.

Review Questions

• How does preimplantation genetic diagnosis influence parental decisions regarding embryo selection?
  • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis significantly impacts parental decisions by providing information about the genetic health of embryos. Parents can opt to select embryos that are free from specific genetic disorders, leading to more informed choices regarding potential health outcomes for their children. This ability raises important ethical questions about the implications of selecting for certain traits and how it might affect societal views on disability and diversity.
• What ethical dilemmas arise from the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in reproductive choices?
  • The use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis presents several ethical dilemmas, including concerns over eugenics and the moral implications of selecting embryos based on desirable traits. Critics argue that this practice could lead to societal pressure to conform to certain genetic ideals, potentially devaluing those with disabilities or less desirable traits. Additionally, there are questions about consent and the rights of the embryos themselves, as well as potential discrimination based on genetic information.
• Evaluate the broader implications of preimplantation genetic diagnosis on society and medical ethics as reproductive technologies advance.
  • As reproductive technologies like preimplantation genetic diagnosis become more advanced, their broader implications on society and medical ethics become increasingly complex. The potential for selecting traits raises questions about what it means to be human and how society values different characteristics. Ethical considerations must address issues of equity in access to such technologies, the risk of creating social divides based on genetic 'norms,' and the responsibility of medical professionals in guiding patients through these choices. Balancing innovation with ethical integrity will be crucial as these technologies evolve.

Related terms

In Vitro Fertilization: A medical procedure that involves combining an egg and sperm outside the body to create embryos, which can then be implanted into the uterus.

Genetic Engineering: The manipulation of an organism's DNA to alter its characteristics or to produce desired traits, often raising ethical questions about its applications.

Eugenics: A social philosophy aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population, often associated with controversial and unethical practices.