Doctrine of the mean

Definition

The doctrine of the mean is a key concept in Aristotelian ethics that suggests virtue lies in finding the balance between excess and deficiency. It emphasizes moderation as a guiding principle for achieving moral character, proposing that virtues are the mean between two vices: one of excess and one of deficiency. This idea connects deeply to various virtues and character traits by encouraging individuals to cultivate habits that promote balance in their actions and feelings.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The doctrine of the mean posits that every virtue is a balanced state between two extremes, for example, courage as a mean between recklessness (excess) and cowardice (deficiency).
2. Aristotle believed that understanding the doctrine requires practical wisdom, or 'phronesis,' which helps individuals discern what constitutes the mean in various situations.
3. The doctrine applies not only to moral actions but also to emotions, suggesting that feelings should also be moderated to achieve a virtuous character.
4. Finding the mean is subjective; what is moderate for one person may not be for another, depending on individual circumstances and context.
5. The ultimate aim of adhering to the doctrine of the mean is to achieve eudaimonia, a state of flourishing that results from living a balanced and virtuous life.

Review Questions

• How does the doctrine of the mean relate to the development of personal character traits?
  • The doctrine of the mean relates to personal character development by guiding individuals to find balance in their behaviors and emotions. By identifying virtues as states between extremes, it encourages people to cultivate qualities like courage or generosity without veering into recklessness or prodigality. This approach fosters a well-rounded character where moderation becomes a core value, contributing positively to one's moral integrity.
• Discuss how practical wisdom plays a role in applying the doctrine of the mean in everyday decision-making.
  • Practical wisdom, or 'phronesis,' is essential in applying the doctrine of the mean because it allows individuals to make sound judgments about what constitutes moderation in specific situations. It involves assessing context, individual differences, and potential consequences to determine how best to act. Without practical wisdom, one might struggle to identify the appropriate balance required for virtuous behavior, leading to choices that favor one extreme over another.
• Evaluate the implications of the doctrine of the mean for ethical behavior in contemporary society.
  • The implications of the doctrine of the mean for ethical behavior today include promoting a balanced approach to challenges such as consumerism, social justice, and environmental sustainability. By advocating for moderation and discouraging extremes, it encourages individuals and communities to strive for solutions that reflect harmony rather than conflict. In this way, it provides a framework for ethical decision-making that can lead to healthier societal dynamics and contribute to collective well-being.

Related terms

Virtue Ethics:

An ethical theory that focuses on the character of the moral agent rather than on rules or consequences, emphasizing the importance of developing good character traits.

Golden Mean: A term synonymous with the doctrine of the mean, indicating the desirable middle ground between extremes of behavior and emotion in moral conduct.

Eudaimonia: A Greek word often translated as 'flourishing' or 'well-being,' which is considered the ultimate goal of human life in Aristotelian philosophy, achieved through virtuous living.