Hortatory subjunctive

Definition

The hortatory subjunctive is a grammatical mood used in Latin to express encouragement or exhortation. It often appears in the first person plural form and is employed to urge or motivate a group to take action, emphasizing the desire for something to occur. This form highlights the subjective nature of the action, focusing on the speaker's wishes rather than on factual statements.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The hortatory subjunctive is formed using the present subjunctive of the verb and is commonly found in sentences urging collective action.
2. In Latin, the ending for the first person plural of a regular verb in the present subjunctive typically ends in '-mus'.
3. This mood can be translated into English with phrases like 'let us' or 'we should', conveying a sense of encouragement.
4. The use of the hortatory subjunctive often appears in speeches, literature, and rhetorical contexts where persuasion is key.
5. It’s important to differentiate between the hortatory subjunctive and other forms of subjunctives like the jussive, which has a slightly different function.

Review Questions

• How does the hortatory subjunctive differ from other forms of the subjunctive mood in Latin?
  • The hortatory subjunctive specifically expresses encouragement or exhortation and is typically used in the first person plural, motivating a group to take action. In contrast, other forms of the subjunctive mood can indicate doubt, possibility, or hypothetical situations. For example, while the jussive subjunctive conveys commands and can be used in the third person, the hortatory focuses on collective wishes expressed by the speaker.
• What are some common translations of sentences using the hortatory subjunctive in English, and how do they reflect its function?
  • Sentences employing the hortatory subjunctive are often translated into English with phrases such as 'let us' or 'we should'. This reflects its function of urging a group toward a desired action. For instance, a Latin sentence like 'Eamus ad forum!' translates to 'Let us go to the forum!', illustrating how this mood conveys not just an idea but an invitation for collective engagement.
• Evaluate the importance of using the hortatory subjunctive in Latin literature and rhetoric. How does it enhance communication?
  • The hortatory subjunctive plays a crucial role in Latin literature and rhetoric by adding persuasive power and emotional appeal to speeches and writings. Its ability to call upon collective action fosters unity and motivates audiences toward common goals. By employing this mood, authors and speakers can effectively engage their listeners, creating an atmosphere of shared purpose that enhances both clarity and impact in communication.

Related terms

subjunctive mood: A verb mood in Latin used to express doubt, possibility, necessity, or action that is not yet realized.

imperative mood: A verb form used to issue commands or requests, typically in the second person.

jussive subjunctive: A grammatical form similar to the hortatory subjunctive but used primarily in the third person to express commands or wishes.