key term - Hyksos

Definition

The Hyksos were a group of foreign rulers who invaded and settled in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, approximately from 1650 to 1550 BCE. They are often credited with introducing new technologies and cultural influences, particularly in warfare and agriculture, which would eventually impact the native Egyptian civilization.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Hyksos are believed to have originated from the Levant region and used advanced technologies like horse-drawn chariots to conquer Egypt.
2. Their reign marked a significant cultural exchange, as they introduced new practices in warfare, agriculture, and crafts to the Egyptian people.
3. The Hyksos ruled for about 100 years before being expelled by native Egyptian pharaohs, leading to the establishment of the New Kingdom.
4. The term 'Hyksos' itself means 'rulers of foreign lands' in Egyptian, highlighting their status as invaders.
5. Their presence disrupted traditional Egyptian society but also paved the way for eventual reunification and cultural evolution in Egypt.

Review Questions

• How did the technological advancements brought by the Hyksos influence Egyptian warfare?
  • The Hyksos introduced significant technological advancements, particularly the use of horse-drawn chariots and composite bows. These innovations provided them with a tactical edge over native Egyptian forces, changing the dynamics of warfare during their rule. The incorporation of these technologies not only allowed the Hyksos to conquer but also influenced future Egyptian military strategies once they were expelled.
• What impact did the Hyksos have on Egyptian culture and society during their reign?
  • The Hyksos had a profound impact on Egyptian culture and society through cultural exchange and integration. They introduced new agricultural practices, including new crops and irrigation techniques, which enhanced food production. Additionally, their reign led to changes in military organization and technology that influenced how Egyptians conducted warfare. Although their rule was viewed as foreign domination, it ultimately contributed to a blending of cultures that enriched Egyptian civilization.
• Evaluate the significance of the expulsion of the Hyksos on the trajectory of ancient Egypt's political landscape.
  • The expulsion of the Hyksos marked a pivotal moment in ancient Egypt's history, signaling not only the end of foreign rule but also laying the groundwork for the rise of the New Kingdom. This period saw a resurgence of native Egyptian power and territorial expansion. The reunification allowed for a renaissance in art, architecture, and military prowess, establishing Egypt as a dominant empire in the ancient world. Thus, their expulsion was crucial for restoring national identity and initiating a golden age in Egyptian history.

Related terms

Second Intermediate Period:

A time in ancient Egyptian history characterized by political fragmentation and the presence of foreign rulers, particularly the Hyksos, who controlled parts of Egypt.

Chariots:

A new military technology introduced by the Hyksos that significantly changed warfare in Egypt, providing them with a tactical advantage over native forces.

Avaris:

The capital city established by the Hyksos in the eastern Nile Delta, which became a major center of trade and military activity during their rule.