Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Definition

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. This disorder impacts an individual's ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate activity levels, which can affect academic performance, social interactions, and overall daily functioning.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. ADHD is commonly diagnosed in childhood, but it can persist into adulthood, affecting relationships and job performance.
2. Symptoms of ADHD can vary widely among individuals, making diagnosis challenging as not everyone will display all symptoms.
3. There are three primary presentations of ADHD: predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation.
4. Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to substances or toxins may increase the risk of developing ADHD.
5. Treatment options for ADHD often include behavioral therapy, medication (like stimulants), and educational support to help manage symptoms effectively.

Review Questions

• What are the primary symptoms of ADHD, and how do they impact daily life?
  • The primary symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms can significantly impact daily life by making it difficult for individuals to complete tasks at school or work, maintain relationships due to impulsive behaviors, and regulate their emotions. The inability to focus on tasks may lead to poor academic performance and difficulties in social situations as individuals struggle to interpret social cues or maintain conversations.
• How does executive functioning relate to ADHD and affect an individual's ability to manage everyday tasks?
  • Executive functioning involves cognitive processes that help individuals plan, prioritize, and regulate their behavior. In people with ADHD, these executive functions are often impaired, making it challenging for them to organize tasks, remember deadlines, or control impulses. This impairment can lead to difficulties in managing time effectively and completing everyday responsibilities like homework or household chores, thereby impacting overall functioning.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of various treatment approaches for ADHD and their potential impact on individuals' quality of life.
  • Various treatment approaches for ADHD include behavioral therapy, medication (particularly stimulants), and educational interventions. Research indicates that a combination of behavioral strategies and medication is often most effective in managing symptoms. By addressing both the neurological aspects of the disorder through medication and the behavioral challenges with therapy, individuals with ADHD can improve their ability to function in daily life. This holistic approach not only enhances academic performance but also helps build better social relationships and improve emotional well-being.

Related terms

Inattention:

A core symptom of ADHD involving difficulty in maintaining focus, following through on tasks, and organizing activities.

Hyperactivity: Another core symptom of ADHD characterized by excessive movement, restlessness, and difficulty staying still or quiet.

Executive Functioning: A set of cognitive processes including working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control that are often impaired in individuals with ADHD.