key term - Protein kinase A

Definition

Protein kinase A (PKA) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling by phosphorylating specific serine and threonine residues on target proteins. This phosphorylation process is typically activated by cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger, linking it to various physiological responses and cellular functions such as metabolism, gene expression, and cell growth.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. PKA is activated when cAMP levels rise in response to hormones like adrenaline, which bind to G protein-coupled receptors on cell membranes.
2. Once activated, PKA phosphorylates various substrates, which can lead to changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, or cellular localization of proteins.
3. PKA is involved in regulating numerous biological processes, including glycogen metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cardiac muscle contraction.
4. The PKA signaling pathway can have both rapid effects, such as altering enzyme activity, and long-term effects, like changing gene expression through transcription factors.
5. PKA functions as part of a feedback mechanism in the cell; increased cAMP levels activate PKA, while certain phosphatases can deactivate it by removing phosphate groups from substrates.

Review Questions

• How does cyclic AMP regulate the activity of protein kinase A and what are the implications for cellular responses?
  • Cyclic AMP (cAMP) acts as a second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA). When cAMP levels rise in the cell, it binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA, causing a conformational change that releases the active catalytic subunits. This activation allows PKA to phosphorylate target proteins, leading to various cellular responses such as changes in metabolic pathways or gene expression. Understanding this regulation highlights how cells adapt to hormonal signals and environmental changes.
• Discuss the importance of phosphorylation by protein kinase A in metabolic regulation within cells.
  • Phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) is crucial for metabolic regulation as it directly influences key enzymes involved in processes like glycogen breakdown and lipid metabolism. For example, PKA phosphorylates and activates phosphorylase kinase, which subsequently activates glycogen phosphorylase, leading to increased glucose release from glycogen stores. This cascade illustrates how PKA acts as a central player in adjusting metabolic pathways in response to energy demands or hormonal signals, underscoring its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
• Evaluate the broader implications of dysregulated protein kinase A signaling on human health and disease.
  • Dysregulated protein kinase A (PKA) signaling can have significant implications for human health, contributing to various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Abnormal PKA activity can disrupt normal cellular processes like growth control and metabolism. For instance, overactive PKA signaling has been linked to certain cancers due to enhanced cell proliferation and survival. Conversely, insufficient PKA activity may contribute to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in diabetes. Understanding these pathways can provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for treating such conditions.

Related terms

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a secondary messenger that transmits signals within cells, often leading to the activation of protein kinase A.

phosphorylation: Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule, often modifying its function and activity.

signal transduction:

Signal transduction refers to the process by which a cell responds to external signals, involving a series of molecular events that lead to a cellular response.