Induced pluripotent stem cells

Definition

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of stem cell that is generated from adult cells through the introduction of specific genes, allowing these cells to regain their ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. This process effectively reprograms the cells, making them functionally similar to embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to develop into any tissue type. iPSCs have significant implications for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug development, bridging the gap between adult somatic cells and embryonic stem cells.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. iPSCs were first created in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka, who discovered that introducing four specific transcription factors could convert adult fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells.
2. One major advantage of iPSCs is that they can be generated from a patient’s own cells, reducing the risk of immune rejection when used in therapies.
3. iPSCs can be used to study disease mechanisms in vitro, allowing researchers to better understand genetic disorders and test new treatments.
4. Unlike embryonic stem cells, iPSCs do not require the use of embryos, addressing some ethical concerns associated with stem cell research.
5. iPSCs hold great potential for personalized medicine, as they can be derived from individual patients and used for tailored therapies or drug testing.

Review Questions

• How do induced pluripotent stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells in terms of their origin and ethical considerations?
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult somatic cells through reprogramming techniques, which means they do not require the use of embryos for their creation. This key difference alleviates many ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cell research, as iPSCs can be produced from readily available tissue samples without harming potential life. Additionally, iPSCs offer a similar pluripotent capacity as embryonic stem cells, enabling them to differentiate into various cell types while sidestepping some moral dilemmas.
• Discuss the significance of reprogramming in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and its impact on regenerative medicine.
  • Reprogramming is crucial for generating induced pluripotent stem cells because it transforms differentiated adult somatic cells back into a pluripotent state. By introducing specific transcription factors, researchers can revert these mature cells to a more primitive form that has the ability to develop into any tissue type. This capability holds enormous promise for regenerative medicine, as iPSCs can potentially be used to replace damaged tissues or organs in patients, offering new avenues for treatment of degenerative diseases and injuries.
• Evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated with the clinical use of induced pluripotent stem cells in therapy.
  • The clinical use of induced pluripotent stem cells presents both significant benefits and potential risks. On one hand, iPSCs provide a renewable source of patient-specific cells that can be utilized for personalized therapies and regenerative medicine without ethical issues tied to embryonic sources. On the other hand, concerns exist regarding the safety of using iPSCs in clinical settings, including possible tumorigenicity due to incomplete reprogramming or genetic abnormalities introduced during the process. Thorough evaluation and rigorous testing are essential to ensure that therapeutic applications of iPSCs are both effective and safe for patients.

Related terms

Pluripotency: The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Reprogramming:

The process by which differentiated adult cells are converted back into an embryonic-like state, enabling them to become pluripotent stem cells.

Somatic cells:

Any cells of the body that are not sperm or egg cells; these can be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells.