Burkitt's lymphoma

Definition

Burkitt's lymphoma is a fast-growing form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates from B-cells, which are a type of white blood cell. It is characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving the MYC oncogene, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. This type of cancer often presents as a mass in the abdomen or as swelling in the jaw and is most common in children, particularly in certain regions of Africa where it can be associated with malaria.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Burkitt's lymphoma is often associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), especially in cases seen in African children.
2. There are three main types of Burkitt's lymphoma: endemic (African), sporadic (non-African), and immunodeficiency-associated.
3. Treatment usually involves aggressive chemotherapy regimens due to the rapid growth of the tumor.
4. The prognosis for Burkitt's lymphoma can be favorable if diagnosed early and treated promptly, with cure rates reaching up to 90% in some cases.
5. Burkitt's lymphoma can present with distinctive symptoms such as abdominal swelling or jaw lesions, which may aid in its diagnosis.

Review Questions

• How does the MYC oncogene contribute to the development of Burkitt's lymphoma?
  • The MYC oncogene plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and division. In Burkitt's lymphoma, a chromosomal translocation involving MYC leads to its overexpression, driving uncontrolled cell proliferation and contributing to the malignancy. This dysregulation of MYC is a key factor that transforms normal B-cells into cancerous cells, which is essential for understanding the underlying biology of this lymphoma.
• Discuss the clinical presentation of Burkitt's lymphoma and how it differs among its various forms.
  • Burkitt's lymphoma can present differently depending on its subtype. The endemic form often presents with jaw lesions in children due to EBV infection, while the sporadic type commonly shows abdominal masses. The immunodeficiency-associated form typically arises in individuals with compromised immune systems. These variations in clinical presentation highlight the need for tailored diagnostic approaches based on patient demographics and clinical history.
• Evaluate the significance of early diagnosis and treatment strategies for improving outcomes in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma.
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical for improving outcomes in Burkitt's lymphoma patients. Given its aggressive nature, delays can lead to rapid disease progression and poorer prognosis. Current treatment strategies focus on intensive chemotherapy regimens, which can achieve high cure rates when initiated early. Therefore, understanding the signs and symptoms associated with Burkitt's lymphoma is essential for healthcare providers to ensure timely intervention and enhance survival rates.

Related terms

MYC oncogene: A gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation; its dysregulation is a critical factor in many cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma.

Chromosomal translocation: A genetic alteration where a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, often leading to cancer when oncogenes are activated.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A diverse group of blood cancers that include any lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by the malignant growth of lymphatic cells.