Rutherford B. Hayes

Definition

Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States, serving from 1877 to 1881, and is best known for his role in ending Reconstruction and initiating civil service reform during the Gilded Age. His presidency was marked by efforts to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War, focusing on restoring trust in government and addressing corruption.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president after a highly contentious election in 1876, which involved accusations of voter fraud and electoral manipulation.
2. His decision to withdraw federal troops from the South effectively ended Reconstruction, leading to the rise of Jim Crow laws and increased racial segregation.
3. Hayes advocated for civil service reform, leading to the establishment of a merit-based system for federal employment through the Pendleton Act after his presidency.
4. He is often remembered for his 'Great Executive' reputation, as he sought to restore integrity and honor to the presidency following the scandals of previous administrations.
5. Despite his focus on reform, Hayes faced significant opposition from both political parties, limiting his ability to fully implement his policies during his time in office.

Review Questions

• How did Rutherford B. Hayes's presidency address issues stemming from the Civil War and Reconstruction?
  • Rutherford B. Hayes's presidency focused on healing the divisions left by the Civil War, particularly through his decision to end Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South. This action aimed to promote national unity but also led to significant negative consequences, including the establishment of Jim Crow laws that institutionalized racial discrimination. Hayes believed that reconciliation with Southern states was crucial for national stability, although it came at a high cost for African Americans.
• In what ways did Hayes's approach to civil service reform reflect broader trends during the Gilded Age?
  • Hayes's commitment to civil service reform was a direct response to the rampant corruption and patronage that characterized politics during the Gilded Age. His efforts laid the groundwork for a merit-based system for hiring government employees, which was a significant shift from relying on political connections. This movement toward reform was indicative of growing public demand for accountability and transparency in government amid rapid industrialization and urbanization.
• Evaluate how Rutherford B. Hayes's legacy is viewed in modern times, particularly regarding his role in Reconstruction and civil service reform.
  • Modern assessments of Rutherford B. Hayes's legacy are mixed, reflecting both commendation and criticism regarding his actions during Reconstruction and his push for civil service reform. While some historians praise him for trying to restore integrity to the presidency and laying a foundation for merit-based employment, others critique him for effectively abandoning African Americans in the South by ending Reconstruction. His presidency is often viewed as a transitional phase that set the stage for future reforms, though it also highlights the complexities and challenges of post-Civil War America.

Related terms

Reconstruction:

The period following the Civil War during which the United States aimed to reintegrate the Southern states and define the rights of newly freed African Americans.

Compromise of 1877:

An informal agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election, resulting in Hayes becoming president in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from the South.

Civil Service Reform:

Efforts during Hayes's presidency aimed at reducing corruption and implementing merit-based hiring in government jobs, moving away from the patronage system.