Incas in Peru

Definition

The Incas were a powerful and sophisticated civilization that arose in the Andean region of South America, particularly in present-day Peru, from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. They are known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive architecture, and extensive road networks that facilitated communication and trade across their vast empire, significantly influencing European exploration in the Americas.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, stretching from modern-day Colombia to Chile at its height.
2. The Incas developed advanced agricultural practices, including terrace farming and irrigation systems, which allowed them to thrive in the challenging mountainous terrain.
3. They constructed an extensive network of roads and bridges that connected various parts of their empire, facilitating trade, communication, and military movement.
4. The Incas had a highly organized society with a centralized government led by the Sapa Inca, who was considered both a political leader and a divine figure.
5. Spanish conquistadors were drawn to the wealth of the Incas, leading to the eventual collapse of their civilization through conquest and disease.

Review Questions

• How did Incan agricultural innovations contribute to their ability to maintain such a vast empire?
  • Incan agricultural innovations like terrace farming and advanced irrigation systems played a crucial role in supporting their large population. By adapting to the mountainous terrain of the Andes, they maximized arable land and increased crop yields. This agricultural surplus enabled them to sustain a powerful centralized government and support their extensive military campaigns, which were essential for maintaining control over their vast territory.
• Discuss the significance of Machu Picchu in understanding Incan society and its architectural achievements.
  • Machu Picchu is significant as it represents the pinnacle of Incan architectural achievement and reflects their advanced engineering skills. The site serves as a testament to their ability to build impressive structures that harmonize with their natural surroundings. Additionally, Machu Picchu provides insight into Incan societal structure, religious practices, and their connection to the surrounding environment, making it a key site for understanding the Incan civilization as a whole.
• Evaluate how Atahualpa's capture by Spanish conquistadors influenced the outcome of the Inca Empire's struggle against European colonization.
  • Atahualpa's capture marked a pivotal moment in the struggle of the Inca Empire against Spanish colonization. His execution not only eliminated a key political leader but also caused widespread disarray within Incan society, undermining morale and resistance efforts. The subsequent Spanish conquest exploited this chaos, allowing conquistadors like Francisco Pizarro to swiftly seize control over much of the Inca territory. This event highlights how individual leadership plays a critical role in determining historical outcomes during periods of conflict.

Related terms

Machu Picchu: An iconic archaeological site of the Inca Empire, located high in the Andes Mountains, showcasing their architectural skills and serving as a royal estate or religious site.

Quechua: The indigenous language spoken by the Incas and still used by millions of people in the Andean region today, reflecting the cultural legacy of the Inca civilization.

Atahualpa: The last emperor of the Inca Empire, who was captured and executed by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1533, marking a significant turning point in the Inca's resistance against Spanish colonization.