Second wave of imperialism

Definition

The second wave of imperialism refers to a period of renewed colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan from the late 19th century into the early 20th century, characterized by the acquisition of territories and the establishment of political and economic dominance over various regions, particularly in Africa and Asia. This era saw intensified competition among imperialist nations and marked a shift in strategies, including the use of military force and diplomatic negotiations to secure control over resources and markets.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The second wave of imperialism was largely motivated by industrialization, which increased demand for raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.
2. This period is marked by significant events such as the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, where European powers divided Africa among themselves without regard for indigenous cultures or boundaries.
3. Imperialist nations utilized advanced military technology, including machine guns and naval power, which gave them significant advantages over local populations.
4. Resistance movements emerged in many colonized regions as indigenous peoples sought to reclaim their lands and assert their rights against foreign domination.
5. The second wave led to profound changes in global trade patterns, economies, and cultures, with lasting impacts on colonized societies that still resonate today.

Review Questions

• How did economic factors drive the second wave of imperialism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
  • Economic factors were central to the second wave of imperialism as industrialized nations sought new sources of raw materials to fuel their growing industries. The demand for products like rubber, minerals, and agricultural goods drove countries to expand their empires into Africa and Asia. Additionally, these nations were looking for new markets to sell their manufactured goods, creating a cycle where colonization was justified by economic gain.
• In what ways did indigenous responses to imperialism vary across different regions during the second wave of imperialism?
  • Indigenous responses varied widely; some communities actively resisted colonization through armed conflict, while others engaged in diplomatic negotiations or adapted to new colonial systems. For example, in Africa, groups like the Zulu fought against British encroachment while others like Ashanti sought treaties to protect their interests. The effectiveness of these responses depended on local circumstances, including military capability, unity among groups, and external support.
• Evaluate the long-term impacts of the second wave of imperialism on former colonies and their post-colonial development.
  • The long-term impacts of the second wave of imperialism are profound and multifaceted. Many former colonies struggled with political instability due to arbitrary borders imposed by colonial powers, leading to ethnic conflicts. Economically, they often remained dependent on former colonizers for trade and resources. Socially, the legacies of colonial rule influenced cultural identities and societal structures. This has created challenges for post-colonial nations as they navigate issues related to governance, economic development, and national unity.

Related terms

Scramble for Africa:

The rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century, driven by economic interests and national prestige.

Colonialism:

The practice of acquiring control over foreign territories, exploiting resources, and establishing settlements, often resulting in the displacement of indigenous populations.

Social Darwinism:

A sociological theory that applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often used to justify imperialism by suggesting that stronger nations had a right to dominate weaker ones.