🌍ap world history: modern review

key term - Enlightenment period

Definition

The Enlightenment period was an intellectual movement in the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. This era brought about significant philosophical advancements and inspired revolutionary ideas in politics, science, and society, leading to profound changes in Western thought and laying the groundwork for modern democratic governance.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. The Enlightenment was heavily influenced by earlier scientific revolutions, with thinkers like Isaac Newton paving the way for new ways of thinking about nature and society.
  2. Philosophers such as John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau played pivotal roles in developing ideas about human rights, government, and individual freedoms during this period.
  3. The Enlightenment led to the questioning of traditional institutions like monarchy and the church, advocating for a more secular and rational approach to governance.
  4. Ideas from the Enlightenment contributed directly to significant political revolutions, including the American Revolution and the French Revolution, which sought to apply these principles of liberty and equality.
  5. The legacy of the Enlightenment can be seen in modern democratic ideals, such as the separation of powers, the rule of law, and the promotion of human rights.

Review Questions

  • How did the Enlightenment period challenge traditional authorities and institutions?
    • The Enlightenment period significantly challenged traditional authorities such as monarchy and religious institutions by promoting reason over faith. Philosophers argued that governance should be based on rational principles rather than divine right or tradition. This shift encouraged individuals to question established norms and seek reform, setting the stage for revolutionary movements that advocated for democracy and human rights.
  • Discuss how Enlightenment thinkers contributed to the development of modern democratic governance.
    • Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu laid essential groundwork for modern democratic governance by promoting ideas like the social contract and separation of powers. Locke argued for natural rights that governments must protect, while Montesquieu's analysis of government types highlighted the need for checks and balances. These concepts were instrumental in shaping constitutions and political structures in emerging democracies.
  • Evaluate the long-term impacts of the Enlightenment period on contemporary society and politics.
    • The long-term impacts of the Enlightenment period are profound, shaping contemporary society through ideals of democracy, individual rights, and scientific rationality. These ideas fostered movements for social justice, civil liberties, and global human rights initiatives. The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason continues to influence modern discourse on ethics, governance, and education, demonstrating its enduring relevance in a rapidly changing world.