key term - Andean civilizations

Definition

Andean civilizations refer to the complex societies that developed in the Andean region of South America, particularly in present-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northern Chile, from around 1200 to 1450. These civilizations are known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive architectural achievements, and rich cultural traditions, laying the foundation for later empires such as the Inca.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Andean civilizations excelled in agriculture, utilizing techniques like terrace farming to cultivate crops such as potatoes and maize in diverse climates.
2. The Moche civilization was one of the earliest Andean cultures and is noted for its intricate pottery and impressive irrigation systems.
3. Andean civilizations developed extensive trade networks that facilitated the exchange of goods such as textiles, metalwork, and food products across the region.
4. Cultural practices in Andean civilizations included a strong emphasis on religion, with elaborate rituals and ceremonies often centered around agricultural cycles and natural elements.
5. The rise of powerful states like the Inca Empire built upon the achievements of earlier Andean civilizations, showcasing their lasting influence on governance, engineering, and social organization.

Review Questions

• How did agricultural practices in Andean civilizations support their societal development?
  • Agricultural practices such as terrace farming were vital to the growth of Andean civilizations. By adapting their farming techniques to the mountainous terrain, these societies were able to produce surplus crops like potatoes and maize. This agricultural surplus not only supported population growth but also allowed for the development of complex social structures, trade networks, and cultural practices that defined these civilizations.
• What role did trade play in connecting various Andean civilizations and how did it impact their economies?
  • Trade was crucial in linking various Andean civilizations, as it facilitated the exchange of essential goods like textiles, metalwork, and food products. These trade networks enabled communities to access resources not available in their immediate environments, fostering economic interdependence. As a result, regions could specialize in certain goods while relying on others for their needs, leading to more complex economic systems and social hierarchies within these societies.
• Evaluate the significance of religious practices in shaping the cultural identity of Andean civilizations and their legacy.
  • Religious practices were central to the cultural identity of Andean civilizations, influencing their art, architecture, and societal norms. Rituals often centered around agricultural cycles and natural phenomena, reflecting a deep reverence for the environment. This spiritual connection not only reinforced community bonds but also contributed to the lasting legacy of these civilizations through their architectural feats and rich cultural traditions that continued to influence later societies, including the Inca Empire.

Related terms

Quipu:

A recording device used by Andean civilizations, consisting of colored strings and knots that conveyed information, particularly for accounting and communication purposes.

Terrace Farming: An agricultural technique used by Andean civilizations that involves creating flat platforms on steep terrain to grow crops efficiently.

Moche:

A prominent Andean civilization known for its artistic achievements, including pottery and metallurgy, as well as its elaborate irrigation systems.