Elementos auditivos refers to the sound elements in a piece of literature, which can include rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia. These auditory components enhance the emotional and aesthetic experience of a poem or text, allowing readers to engage more deeply with its themes and meanings. In works like 'Balada de los dos abuelos' by Nicolás Guillén, these elements play a crucial role in conveying cultural identity and social commentary.