Associative Learning: Associative learning is when an organism forms connections or associations between two or more stimuli or events. For example, Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs is an example of associative learning.
Cognitive Mapping: Cognitive mapping refers to the mental representation and organization of spatial relationships or environmental information. It involves forming mental connections between landmarks and locations to navigate through space.
Concept Formation: Concept formation is the process by which individuals develop categories or concepts based on shared features and characteristics. It involves making mental connections between similar objects, ideas, or experiences to form generalized knowledge.