Retrieval Failure

Definition

Retrieval failure refers to the inability to recall information from long-term memory even though it is stored there. It occurs when the retrieval cues are insufficient or absent, making it difficult to access the desired information.

Related terms

Encoding specificity principle: This principle suggests that our ability to retrieve information is enhanced when the conditions at encoding (learning) match the conditions at retrieval. For example, studying underwater and taking a test underwater may improve memory recall.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: This phenomenon occurs when we have a strong feeling that we know certain information but cannot quite retrieve it. It feels like the answer is on the 'tip of our tongue' but remains just out of reach.

Context-dependent memory: This refers to how our ability to remember information is influenced by the context or environment in which we learned or encoded that information. For example, if you study for an exam in your bedroom, you may perform better if you take the exam in that same familiar setting.