This refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. It allows neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and adjust their activities in response to new situations or changes in their environment.
This is the scientific study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity and thinking." It investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory formation and manipulation.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): A technique used by cognitive neuroscientists that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the body. In terms of studying the brain specifically it can show what parts are active when performing certain tasks.