Electromagnetic Radiation:Electromagnetic radiation refers to energy waves that travel through space carrying both electric and magnetic fields. Examples include radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Conductivity: Conductivity is a measure of how well a material allows electric charges to flow through it. Materials with high conductivity (e.g., metals) are good conductors, while materials with low conductivity (e.g., rubber) are insulators.
Gauss's Law:Gauss's Law relates electric fields to enclosed charges by stating that the total electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the net charge enclosed divided by ฮตโ (epsilon naught), which represents vacuum permittivity.