V chord (Roman numeral V)

Definition

The V chord, also known as the dominant chord, is built on the fifth degree of the scale and plays a crucial role in establishing tension that seeks resolution. It typically consists of a major triad and often includes a minor seventh in seventh chords. This chord is essential in creating harmonic progressions, providing functional harmony by leading back to the tonic chord, and forming the backbone of many cadences.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The V chord is typically constructed using the root, major third, and perfect fifth of the scale, creating a sense of tension that wants to resolve to the tonic (I).
2. In a key like C major, the V chord would be G major, consisting of the notes G, B, and D.
3. When played as a seventh chord (V7), it adds an extra note (the minor seventh) which heightens the tension and urges resolution to the tonic.
4. In functional harmony, the V chord acts as a dominant force that propels harmonic progressions toward cadences, creating forward motion in music.
5. The authentic cadence is one of the most common cadences, where the progression moves from V to I, providing a strong sense of closure.

Review Questions

• How does the V chord contribute to harmonic progression within a musical piece?
  • The V chord contributes significantly to harmonic progression by establishing tension that needs resolution. Its role as the dominant chord creates anticipation for the return to the tonic chord. This movement from V to I is fundamental in many compositions, driving the listener's expectation and enhancing the emotional impact of the music.
• Discuss how the V chord functions within the context of cadences and its importance in creating musical phrases.
  • The V chord is vital in forming cadences, particularly authentic cadences where it resolves to the tonic (I). This resolution reinforces the sense of closure at the end of musical phrases. By creating tension that leads to relaxation at the tonic, it establishes clear boundaries between musical sections and enhances overall coherence in compositions.
• Analyze how variations in voicing and extensions of the V chord can alter its impact on a musical piece's emotional expression.
  • Variations in voicing and extensions of the V chord can significantly alter its emotional expression. For instance, using different inversions or adding notes like the ninth can create unique textures and colors that influence how tension is perceived. These alterations can evoke different feelings; for example, a V7 chord introduces more dissonance than a simple V triad, deepening the sense of urgency before resolving to I. This manipulation of harmony allows composers to craft nuanced emotional landscapes throughout their works.

Related terms

Tonic:

The first degree of the scale, serving as the home base or resolution point for harmonic progressions.

Subdominant:

The fourth degree of the scale, which provides a pathway to the dominant chord and enhances harmonic movement.

Cadence:

A sequence of chords that brings a phrase, section, or piece of music to a close, often involving the movement from V to I.