Federalism

Definition

Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and smaller political units, like states. This division allows for multiple levels of government to coexist, each with its own responsibilities and powers, which helps to accommodate the diverse needs and interests of a large nation.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Federalism was established by the U.S. Constitution as a way to balance power between the national and state governments.
2. The Tenth Amendment reserves powers not delegated to the federal government for the states, reinforcing the idea of federalism.
3. Federalism allows states to enact their own laws and policies, leading to variations in laws across different states.
4. Landmark Supreme Court cases, like McCulloch v. Maryland, have shaped the interpretation and application of federalism in the U.S.
5. The relationship between federal and state governments can evolve, influenced by political changes, social movements, and judicial decisions.

Review Questions

• How does federalism shape the relationship between national and state governments?
  • Federalism creates a structure where power is shared between national and state governments. Each level has its own set of responsibilities, allowing states to govern local issues while the national government handles broader concerns. This division helps to prevent the concentration of power in one authority and encourages local governance that reflects the unique needs of different regions.
• Evaluate how judicial decisions have influenced the interpretation of federalism in the United States.
  • Judicial decisions have significantly shaped the understanding and implementation of federalism, often determining the balance of power between state and federal authorities. For example, Supreme Court rulings like McCulloch v. Maryland clarified that states could not tax the federal government, reinforcing federal supremacy. Over time, these rulings have both expanded and restricted state powers based on interpretations of constitutional provisions.
• Assess the impact of federalism on American political culture and policy-making.
  • Federalism has a profound impact on American political culture by fostering a sense of local identity and governance. It encourages participation at multiple levels, as citizens engage with both state and federal issues. This system also complicates policy-making, as different states may implement varying laws on issues like healthcare or education, reflecting diverse values and priorities. The interplay between state and federal initiatives leads to a dynamic political landscape where collaboration and conflict are common.

Related terms

Separation of Powers:

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.

Supremacy Clause:

A clause in the Constitution stating that federal law takes precedence over state laws when there is a conflict.

Enumerated Powers:

Specific powers granted to Congress by the Constitution, detailing what the federal government can do.