Cross-Cutting Cleavages: Cross-cutting cleavages are social divisions that do not align with each other, meaning that individuals who share one type of division do not necessarily share another. This can lead to more diverse and fragmented societies.
Socioeconomic Status: Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's position in society based on their income, occupation, and education level. It is often used as a measure of social class.
Ethnicity: Ethnicity refers to the cultural or ancestral characteristics that define a group of people. It includes common language, traditions, beliefs, and customs shared by members of the same group.