Darwinism in literature

Definition

Darwinism in literature refers to the application of Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection to the understanding of human behavior, social structures, and character development in literary works. It emphasizes the idea that human beings, like other species, are subject to the same evolutionary processes, which can manifest in themes of survival, adaptation, and competition within narratives.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Darwinism influenced many literary movements, especially Realism and Naturalism, where writers depicted life with a focus on the biological and environmental factors that shape human existence.
2. Authors like Stephen Crane and Jack London are noted for their works that illustrate Darwinian principles, showcasing characters grappling with their primal instincts and societal pressures.
3. In literature, Darwinism often challenges traditional notions of morality and free will, presenting characters as products of their environment and heredity rather than solely shaped by conscious choices.
4. Darwin's ideas prompted discussions around determinism in literature, leading to narratives that explore how characters are bound by their biology and circumstances.
5. The exploration of themes such as instinct versus reason is prevalent in works influenced by Darwinism, highlighting the conflict between natural impulses and societal expectations.

Review Questions

• How does Darwinism influence character development in literature, particularly in Naturalist works?
  • Darwinism shapes character development by portraying individuals as products of their environment and biological heritage. In Naturalist literature, characters often face harsh realities that test their survival instincts. This perspective allows authors to delve into how societal forces and innate behaviors drive decisions, emphasizing that characters are not merely defined by their choices but also by their circumstances and evolutionary background.
• In what ways do themes of survival and adaptation manifest in the works of authors influenced by Darwinian thought?
  • Themes of survival and adaptation are central to many works inspired by Darwinian thought. Authors like Jack London illustrate characters who must navigate brutal environments where strength, cunning, and resilience determine success or failure. These narratives often emphasize the struggle against nature as a metaphor for human existence, showcasing how adaptability is essential for survival in both physical and social landscapes.
• Critically analyze how Darwinism challenges traditional moral frameworks in literature, using specific examples to support your argument.
  • Darwinism challenges traditional moral frameworks by introducing a deterministic view of human behavior. In works like Stephen Crane's 'The Red Badge of Courage,' the protagonist's actions can be seen as responses driven by instinct rather than moral reasoning. This perspective raises questions about free will and accountability, suggesting that characters are subject to natural forces beyond their control. Such a portrayal invites readers to reconsider notions of right and wrong, as actions are influenced more by evolutionary pressures than by ethical considerations.

Related terms

Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, a key concept in Darwin's theory of evolution.

Survival of the Fittest: A phrase often associated with Darwinism that suggests that only those individuals best suited to their environment will survive and thrive.

Social Darwinism:

A belief system that applies Darwin's ideas of evolution to human societies, arguing that social progress results from the struggle for survival among individuals.