key term - Animal husbandry

Definition

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture focused on the breeding and raising of livestock for various purposes, including food, fiber, and labor. It plays a crucial role in supporting human populations by providing essential resources and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. In the context of early societies, especially during the shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural communities, animal husbandry marked a significant advancement in food production and resource management.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Animal husbandry began around 10,000 years ago as communities transitioned from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
2. Key animals domesticated during this time included cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry, each providing different resources such as meat, milk, and wool.
3. The practice allowed for more reliable food sources, which contributed to population growth and the development of larger settlements.
4. Animal husbandry practices varied widely across Africa due to environmental conditions, cultural preferences, and available species.
5. The rise of animal husbandry laid the groundwork for trade networks as surplus livestock and animal products became valuable commodities.

Review Questions

• How did animal husbandry impact the social structure of early African communities during the transition from nomadic to settled lifestyles?
  • Animal husbandry significantly impacted social structures by allowing for the establishment of permanent settlements. As communities began to raise livestock, they could sustain larger populations, which led to more complex social hierarchies and divisions of labor. The ability to accumulate wealth through livestock also created social stratification, as some families became wealthier than others based on their herding success.
• In what ways did environmental factors influence the development of animal husbandry practices in different regions of Africa?
  • Environmental factors played a crucial role in shaping animal husbandry practices across Africa. For instance, arid regions encouraged pastoralism and nomadic lifestyles due to the need for herders to move their livestock in search of grazing land and water. In contrast, more fertile areas supported sedentary farming combined with animal husbandry. These variations led to diverse methods of livestock management tailored to specific regional challenges.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of animal husbandry on African societies and economies up to 1800, considering its contributions to trade and social organization.
  • The long-term effects of animal husbandry on African societies were profound, contributing significantly to both economic and social developments. By fostering reliable food sources and enabling population growth, it led to more complex societal structures and trade networks. Livestock became a central commodity in trade, enhancing economic exchanges between different groups. Additionally, the organization around herding led to specialized roles within communities, reinforcing social hierarchies and cultural identities that persisted well into later historical periods.

Related terms

Domestication: The process of adapting wild animals for human use, including breeding them for specific traits that enhance their utility.

Pastoralism:

A lifestyle centered around the herding and breeding of livestock, often associated with nomadic or semi-nomadic societies.

Agricultural Revolution: A period of significant transformation in farming practices, leading to increased productivity and the development of settled communities.