Self-discrepancy theory

Definition

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that individuals have three self-state representations: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. The differences between these self-states can lead to emotional discomfort and influence self-esteem and overall well-being, particularly during adolescence as individuals navigate their identities and social expectations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Self-discrepancy theory highlights how mismatches between the actual self and ideal or ought selves can lead to emotional responses such as anxiety, disappointment, or guilt.
2. Adolescents often experience heightened feelings of self-discrepancy due to developmental changes and increased social comparison with peers.
3. The theory posits that larger discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self can decrease self-esteem and increase feelings of inadequacy.
4. Conversely, smaller discrepancies between the actual self and ought self are linked to feelings of obligation and duty, which may lead to feelings of guilt if not met.
5. Understanding self-discrepancy can help in developing strategies for improving self-esteem by aligning actual selves more closely with ideal or ought selves.

Review Questions

• How do the three components of self-discrepancy theory—actual, ideal, and ought selves—interact to influence an adolescent's emotional state?
  • The interaction among the actual, ideal, and ought selves can significantly affect an adolescent's emotional well-being. When there is a significant gap between the actual self and the ideal self, feelings of disappointment or unfulfillment can arise, leading to decreased self-esteem. On the other hand, discrepancies between the actual and ought selves can create feelings of guilt or pressure to conform to societal expectations. Understanding these interactions helps illuminate the complex emotional experiences that adolescents face during development.
• Discuss how heightened social comparison during adolescence can impact self-discrepancy and consequently affect a young person's self-esteem.
  • During adolescence, individuals are particularly sensitive to social comparison as they develop their identities. This heightened awareness can amplify discrepancies between their actual selves and their ideal selves when they compare themselves to peers who seem more successful or desirable. As a result, these comparisons can lead to increased feelings of inadequacy and lower self-esteem when adolescents perceive themselves as falling short of their aspirations. This cycle can create a feedback loop where poor self-esteem further exacerbates feelings of discrepancy.
• Evaluate how understanding self-discrepancy theory can aid in developing interventions aimed at improving adolescent mental health.
  • Understanding self-discrepancy theory provides valuable insights into adolescent mental health by identifying the sources of emotional distress linked to identity formation. By recognizing how discrepancies between actual, ideal, and ought selves affect emotions, mental health interventions can be designed to help adolescents align their actual selves with their ideals and reduce harmful comparisons with peers. Programs focused on fostering realistic goal-setting, enhancing self-acceptance, and promoting healthy social interactions can effectively mitigate negative emotions associated with self-discrepancies, ultimately leading to improved mental health outcomes.

Related terms

actual self: The actual self represents an individual's current attributes, characteristics, and traits as they perceive them.

ideal self: The ideal self is the version of oneself that an individual aspires to become, reflecting personal goals and desires.

ought self: The ought self encompasses the qualities an individual believes they should possess, often influenced by societal norms or obligations.