intro to computer programming unit 13 study guides

Key Concepts

• Inheritance enables creating new classes based on existing classes, promoting code reuse and modularity
• Derived classes (subclasses) inherit attributes and behaviors from base classes (superclasses)
• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common base class
• Method overriding enables derived classes to provide specific implementations of methods inherited from base classes
• extends keyword is used to create a derived class that inherits from a base class
• super keyword allows derived classes to call base class constructors and methods
• Inheritance supports the creation of hierarchical classifications and specialized behaviors

Class Basics Review

• Classes are blueprints for creating objects, encapsulating attributes (data) and behaviors (methods)
• Objects are instances of a class, created using the new keyword followed by the constructor
• Constructors are special methods used to initialize objects and set initial values for attributes
• Access modifiers (public, private, protected) control the visibility and accessibility of class members
• Getters and setters are methods used to retrieve and modify the values of private attributes
• this keyword refers to the current instance of a class within its methods
• Static members (attributes and methods) belong to the class itself rather than instances of the class

Understanding Inheritance

• Inheritance is a mechanism that allows creating new classes based on existing classes
• Base class (superclass) is the class being inherited from, containing common attributes and behaviors
• Derived class (subclass) is the class that inherits from the base class, extending or specializing its functionality
• Derived classes inherit all non-private members (attributes and methods) from the base class
• Constructors are not inherited, but derived classes can call base class constructors using super
• Inheritance promotes code reuse, modularity, and the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes
• Derived classes can add new attributes and methods specific to their specialization
• Method overriding allows derived classes to provide their own implementations of inherited methods

Types of Inheritance

• Single inheritance involves a derived class inheriting from a single base class
  • Example: class Dog extends Animal { ... }
• Multilevel inheritance occurs when a derived class inherits from another derived class
  • Example: class Bulldog extends Dog { ... }, where Dog is derived from Animal
• Hierarchical inheritance involves multiple derived classes inheriting from a single base class
  • Example: class Cat extends Animal { ... } and class Dog extends Animal { ... }
• Multiple inheritance is not directly supported in languages like Java, where a class can only inherit from one base class
  • Interfaces can be used to achieve a form of multiple inheritance
• Hybrid inheritance combines different types of inheritance, such as single and hierarchical inheritance

Implementing Inheritance in Code

• Use the extends keyword to create a derived class that inherits from a base class
  • Syntax: class DerivedClass extends BaseClass { ... }
• Derived classes inherit all non-private members (attributes and methods) from the base class
• Constructors are not inherited, but derived classes can call base class constructors using super
  • Syntax: super(arguments); must be the first statement in the derived class constructor
• Derived classes can add new attributes and methods specific to their specialization
• Method overriding is achieved by declaring a method in the derived class with the same name and signature as in the base class
  • Use the @Override annotation to indicate method overriding (optional but recommended)
• Access base class members using the super keyword
  • Example: super.methodName(arguments); to call a base class method

Introduction to Polymorphism

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common base class
• Enables writing code that can work with objects of multiple classes without needing to know their specific types
• Achieved through inheritance and method overriding
• Reference variables of base class type can refer to objects of derived classes
  • Example: Animal animal = new Dog();
• Method calls on polymorphic references are resolved at runtime based on the actual object type (dynamic binding)
• Polymorphism promotes flexibility, extensibility, and code reusability
• Enables creating generalized code that can work with different specialized classes

Practical Applications

• Inheritance is widely used in object-oriented programming to model real-world relationships and hierarchies
  • Example: Vehicle base class with derived classes like Car, Motorcycle, and Truck
• Polymorphism allows creating generic algorithms that can operate on objects of different classes
  • Example: A drawing application with a common Shape base class and derived classes like Circle, Rectangle, and Triangle
• Inheritance and polymorphism are fundamental concepts in frameworks and libraries
  • Example: Java Collections Framework heavily relies on inheritance and polymorphism
• Polymorphism enables creating flexible and extensible systems
  • Example: A media player application with a common MediaPlayer interface and different implementations for playing audio and video files
• Inheritance can be used to create specialized behaviors while reusing common functionality
  • Example: An Employee base class with derived classes like Manager, Developer, and SalesRepresentative

Common Pitfalls and Best Practices

• Avoid creating deep inheritance hierarchies, as they can lead to complexity and tight coupling
  • Prefer composition over inheritance when appropriate
• Be cautious when overriding methods to ensure the derived class behavior is consistent with the base class contract
  • Follow the Liskov Substitution Principle: derived classes should be substitutable for their base classes
• Use inheritance judiciously and only when there is a clear "is-a" relationship between classes
  • Example: Dog is an Animal, but Rectangle is not a Square
• Favor composition over inheritance for code reuse when there is no clear hierarchical relationship
  • Example: A Car has an Engine, rather than inheriting from Engine
• Be mindful of the access modifiers when designing base classes
  • Use protected for members that should be accessible to derived classes but not externally
• Consider using abstract classes and interfaces to define common behaviors and contracts
  • Abstract classes provide a base implementation and can contain non-abstract methods
  • Interfaces define a contract without providing any implementation