indian philosophy unit 10 study guides

Historical Context and Origins

• Jainism emerged in ancient India around the 6th century BCE, making it one of the oldest Indian religions
• Jainism's founder, Mahavira (also known as Vardhamana), was born into a royal family but renounced worldly life at the age of 30 to seek spiritual enlightenment
  • Mahavira is considered the 24th and last Tirthankara (spiritual teacher) of the current cosmic cycle
• Jainism developed alongside Buddhism and shared some common philosophical ideas, such as the rejection of the Vedic authority and the emphasis on non-violence (ahimsa)
• Jainism's historical development can be divided into two main periods: the Svetambara (white-clad) and Digambara (sky-clad or naked) traditions, which emerged due to differences in monastic practices and scriptural interpretations
• The Jain community has historically been a small but influential minority in India, with significant contributions to art, literature, and commerce

Core Beliefs and Principles

• Jainism's central tenet is ahimsa (non-violence), which extends to all living beings, including animals and plants
• Jains believe in the eternal nature of the soul (jiva) and the principle of karma, which determines an individual's future rebirths based on their actions
• The ultimate goal in Jainism is to attain moksha (liberation) from the cycle of rebirths by eliminating all karmic attachments through strict asceticism and spiritual purification
• Jainism emphasizes the importance of right knowledge (samyak jnana), right faith (samyak darshana), and right conduct (samyak charitra) as the path to liberation
• Jains follow the teachings of the Tirthankaras, who are believed to have attained omniscience and provided guidance for spiritual liberation
• The principle of anekantavada (non-absolutism) is central to Jain thought, acknowledging the multifaceted nature of reality and the validity of different viewpoints

Metaphysics and Cosmology

• Jainism posits a dualistic universe composed of living souls (jiva) and non-living matter (ajiva)
  • Jivas are eternal, conscious entities that are bound by karma, while ajiva includes space, time, matter, and the principles of motion and rest
• The Jain cosmos is divided into three realms: the upper (urdhva loka), middle (madhya loka), and lower (adho loka) worlds
  • The middle world, where humans reside, is the only realm where souls can attain liberation
• Jainism rejects the idea of a supreme creator god, instead emphasizing the self-effort and individual responsibility in attaining liberation
• The concept of karma in Jainism is seen as a subtle matter that adheres to the soul, obscuring its true nature and determining the soul's future rebirths
• Jains believe in the cyclical nature of time, with the universe undergoing endless cycles of creation, destruction, and regeneration

Ethics and Moral Philosophy

• Jain ethics are rooted in the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), which extends to all living beings, including animals and plants
• The five main vows (mahavratas) taken by Jain ascetics include:
  1. Ahimsa (non-violence)
  2. Satya (truthfulness)
  3. Asteya (non-stealing)
  4. Brahmacharya (celibacy)
  5. Aparigraha (non-possession)
• Jain laypersons follow a less rigorous set of vows called anuvratas, which are adapted to their householder lifestyle
• Jainism emphasizes the cultivation of virtues such as forgiveness, humility, and self-control, as well as the practice of charity and service to others
• The doctrine of karma in Jainism serves as a moral framework, encouraging individuals to take responsibility for their actions and strive for spiritual purification

Epistemology and Logic

• Jainism recognizes two main sources of knowledge: direct perception (pratyaksha) and inference (anumana)
  • Other sources include verbal testimony (shabda), analogy (upamana), and implication (arthapatti)
• The doctrine of anekantavada (non-absolutism) is central to Jain epistemology, acknowledging the multifaceted nature of reality and the validity of different viewpoints
  • This is often illustrated through the parable of the blind men and the elephant, each perceiving only a part of the whole truth
• Jainism employs a seven-fold predication (saptabhangi) to analyze the nature of reality, considering the various aspects and perspectives of any given proposition
• Jain logic heavily relies on syadvada (the theory of "may be"), which emphasizes the conditional and relative nature of truth statements
• Jains have made significant contributions to the development of Indian logic, including the works of philosophers like Umasvati and Siddhasena Divakara

Ascetic Practices and Lifestyle

• Jain ascetics, known as munis (male) and aryikas (female), follow a strict code of conduct aimed at minimizing harm to all living beings and attaining spiritual liberation
• Ascetics take the five mahavratas (great vows) of non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession
• Jain monks and nuns practice various forms of austerities, such as fasting, meditation, and self-imposed hardships, to purify the soul and eliminate karmic attachments
• The Digambara sect of Jainism is known for its practice of complete nudity among male ascetics, symbolizing their renunciation of worldly possessions and attachments
• Jain ascetics engage in daily rituals, such as pratikramana (self-reflection and repentance) and samayika (meditation and equanimity)
• Ascetics also follow strict dietary practices, consuming only vegetarian food and often limiting their intake to avoid harming even small organisms like insects

Influence on Indian Culture and Thought

• Jainism has had a significant impact on Indian culture, particularly in the areas of art, literature, and architecture
  • Jain temples, such as those at Mount Abu and Ranakpur, are renowned for their intricate carvings and stunning architecture
• Jain philosophy's emphasis on non-violence and compassion has influenced various Indian political and social movements, including Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent resistance during the Indian independence struggle
• Jain principles of business ethics, such as honesty and fair dealing, have shaped the practices of many successful Indian merchants and entrepreneurs
• Jainism's concept of anekantavada has contributed to the development of religious tolerance and pluralism in India
• Jain scholars have made significant contributions to various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and linguistics
  • For example, the Jain mathematician Pingala is credited with the early development of the binary number system and combinatorics

Modern Interpretations and Relevance

• In the modern era, Jainism has gained recognition for its environmental ethics and its compatibility with scientific principles
  • Jain teachings on non-violence and the interconnectedness of all life resonate with contemporary ecological concerns
• Jain meditation techniques, such as preksha dhyana, have gained popularity as a means of stress reduction and personal growth
• The Jain principle of anekantavada has been applied to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding in a globalized world
• Modern Jain organizations, such as the Jain Vishva Bharati Institute and the Jaina Study Circle, work to promote Jain values and engage with contemporary social and philosophical issues
• Jainism's emphasis on individual responsibility and self-effort in spiritual growth aligns with modern psychological concepts of self-actualization and personal development
• The Jain community has adapted to modern challenges while maintaining its core principles, with many Jains successfully integrating into various professions and societies worldwide