All Study Guides Alabama History Unit 9
🏈 Alabama History Unit 9 – Modern Alabama: Politics & SocietyModern Alabama's political landscape transformed from Democratic dominance to Republican control. The state played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement, with events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Selma to Montgomery March shaping national policy.
Alabama's economy diversified from agriculture to industries like automotive manufacturing and aerospace. Despite progress, the state faces ongoing challenges including poverty, education funding, and healthcare access, while working to attract new industries and address social issues.
Key Events and Timeline
1901 Alabama Constitution adopted establishing white supremacy and limiting voting rights
1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision led to desegregation of public schools
1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat
1963 Governor George Wallace's "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" at the University of Alabama
Attempted to block integration of the university
President John F. Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard to enforce desegregation
1965 Selma to Montgomery March for voting rights
Marchers were attacked by state troopers on "Bloody Sunday"
Led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
1970s-1980s economic diversification with the growth of industries like automotive manufacturing (Mercedes-Benz, Honda)
1982 Election of George Wallace to his fourth and final term as governor
1993 Election of Jim Folsom Jr. as governor, the last Democrat to hold the office
Political Landscape
Dominated by the Democratic Party until the 1960s due to its support of segregation and white supremacy
Shift towards the Republican Party began in the 1960s as Democrats embraced civil rights
1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater won Alabama, the first Republican to do so since Reconstruction
1986 Election of Guy Hunt as the first Republican governor since Reconstruction
1990s-2000s Republicans gained control of both houses of the state legislature
2010 Election of Robert Bentley as governor, consolidating Republican control of state government
2017 U.S. Senate special election won by Democrat Doug Jones in an upset victory over Republican Roy Moore
Moore faced allegations of sexual misconduct with teenage girls
Jones became the first Democrat elected to the U.S. Senate from Alabama since 1992
Social Structure and Demographics
Historically divided along racial lines with a white majority and significant African American minority
1900 Population: 1,828,697 (45% African American)
1950 Population: 3,061,743 (32% African American)
2000 Population: 4,447,100 (26% African American)
2020 Population: 5,024,279 (26% African American)
Rural-urban divide with a majority of the population living in rural areas until the mid-20th century
Urbanization increased in the latter half of the 20th century with the growth of cities like Birmingham, Montgomery, and Mobile
Influx of Latino immigrants in the 1990s and 2000s, particularly in rural areas
Latinos made up 4.6% of the population in 2020
Economic Developments
Shift from an agricultural economy based on cotton to a more diversified economy in the 20th century
Growth of industries like steel production (Birmingham), shipbuilding (Mobile), and aerospace (Huntsville)
1960s-1970s Decline of traditional industries due to foreign competition and automation
1980s-1990s Economic diversification with the growth of automotive manufacturing (Mercedes-Benz, Honda) and high-tech industries
1993 Mercedes-Benz opened its first U.S. manufacturing plant in Tuscaloosa County
2000s Expansion of the aerospace industry with the growth of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville
2010s Continued growth of the automotive industry with expansions by Hyundai, Toyota, and Mazda
Persistent poverty and income inequality, particularly in rural areas and among African Americans
16.7% poverty rate in 2019 compared to 12.3% nationally
Civil Rights Movement in Alabama
Center of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s
1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks
Sparked by Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
Led to the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system
1963 Birmingham Campaign organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Demonstrations and boycotts aimed at desegregating public accommodations
Met with violent resistance from police commissioner Bull Connor
1965 Selma to Montgomery March for voting rights
Organized by the SCLC and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Marchers were attacked by state troopers on "Bloody Sunday"
Led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Key figures: Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Fred Shuttlesworth, John Lewis
Cultural Shifts and Traditions
Strong influence of religion, particularly evangelical Protestantism
Baptists make up the largest denomination followed by Methodists
Importance of family and community ties
Rich musical heritage with roots in blues, country, and gospel
Notable musicians: Hank Williams, Nat King Cole, W.C. Handy
Foodways influenced by African, Native American, and European traditions
Barbecue, fried chicken, and soul food are staples
Literature and storytelling traditions
Notable writers: Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird), Truman Capote, Zora Neale Hurston
Sports culture centered around college football
Intense rivalries between the University of Alabama and Auburn University
Shift towards greater diversity and inclusion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
Increasing recognition of African American contributions to the state's culture and history
George Wallace (Governor 1963-1967, 1971-1979, 1983-1987)
Staunch segregationist who famously declared "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"
Later renounced his segregationist views and apologized for his role in perpetuating racism
Rosa Parks (Civil Rights Activist)
Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
Became a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement and the fight against segregation
Martin Luther King Jr. (Civil Rights Leader)
Led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Birmingham Campaign
Delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington in 1963
Harper Lee (Author)
Wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird, which dealt with themes of racial injustice
The novel has become a classic of American literature and is widely read in schools
Hank Williams (Country Music Singer)
Pioneered the honky-tonk style of country music
Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Ongoing Challenges and Future Outlook
Persistent poverty and income inequality, particularly in rural areas and among African Americans
16.7% poverty rate in 2019 compared to 12.3% nationally
Median household income of 50 , 536 c o m p a r e d t o 50,536 compared to 50 , 536 co m p a re d t o 68,703 nationally
Underfunded education system with low rankings on national measures
Ranked 45th in the nation for K-12 education by U.S. News & World Report in 2021
Health disparities and limited access to healthcare in rural areas
Higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease compared to national averages
Environmental challenges related to climate change and natural disasters
Increasing frequency and severity of hurricanes and tropical storms
Rising sea levels threatening coastal communities
Efforts to diversify the economy and attract new industries
Expansion of the aerospace and technology sectors in Huntsville
Growth of the automotive industry with new manufacturing plants
Initiatives to address poverty and improve education and healthcare access
Expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act
Investments in early childhood education and workforce development programs
Ongoing debates over issues like gun rights, abortion, and LGBTQ+ equality
State has some of the most restrictive abortion laws in the country
Controversy over the removal of Confederate monuments and symbols