Alabama History

🏈Alabama History Unit 9 – Modern Alabama: Politics & Society

Modern Alabama's political landscape transformed from Democratic dominance to Republican control. The state played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement, with events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Selma to Montgomery March shaping national policy. Alabama's economy diversified from agriculture to industries like automotive manufacturing and aerospace. Despite progress, the state faces ongoing challenges including poverty, education funding, and healthcare access, while working to attract new industries and address social issues.

Key Events and Timeline

  • 1901 Alabama Constitution adopted establishing white supremacy and limiting voting rights
  • 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision led to desegregation of public schools
  • 1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat
  • 1963 Governor George Wallace's "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" at the University of Alabama
    • Attempted to block integration of the university
    • President John F. Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard to enforce desegregation
  • 1965 Selma to Montgomery March for voting rights
    • Marchers were attacked by state troopers on "Bloody Sunday"
    • Led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
  • 1970s-1980s economic diversification with the growth of industries like automotive manufacturing (Mercedes-Benz, Honda)
  • 1982 Election of George Wallace to his fourth and final term as governor
  • 1993 Election of Jim Folsom Jr. as governor, the last Democrat to hold the office

Political Landscape

  • Dominated by the Democratic Party until the 1960s due to its support of segregation and white supremacy
  • Shift towards the Republican Party began in the 1960s as Democrats embraced civil rights
  • 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater won Alabama, the first Republican to do so since Reconstruction
  • 1986 Election of Guy Hunt as the first Republican governor since Reconstruction
  • 1990s-2000s Republicans gained control of both houses of the state legislature
  • 2010 Election of Robert Bentley as governor, consolidating Republican control of state government
  • 2017 U.S. Senate special election won by Democrat Doug Jones in an upset victory over Republican Roy Moore
    • Moore faced allegations of sexual misconduct with teenage girls
    • Jones became the first Democrat elected to the U.S. Senate from Alabama since 1992

Social Structure and Demographics

  • Historically divided along racial lines with a white majority and significant African American minority
  • 1900 Population: 1,828,697 (45% African American)
  • 1950 Population: 3,061,743 (32% African American)
  • 2000 Population: 4,447,100 (26% African American)
  • 2020 Population: 5,024,279 (26% African American)
  • Rural-urban divide with a majority of the population living in rural areas until the mid-20th century
  • Urbanization increased in the latter half of the 20th century with the growth of cities like Birmingham, Montgomery, and Mobile
  • Influx of Latino immigrants in the 1990s and 2000s, particularly in rural areas
    • Latinos made up 4.6% of the population in 2020

Economic Developments

  • Shift from an agricultural economy based on cotton to a more diversified economy in the 20th century
  • Growth of industries like steel production (Birmingham), shipbuilding (Mobile), and aerospace (Huntsville)
  • 1960s-1970s Decline of traditional industries due to foreign competition and automation
  • 1980s-1990s Economic diversification with the growth of automotive manufacturing (Mercedes-Benz, Honda) and high-tech industries
  • 1993 Mercedes-Benz opened its first U.S. manufacturing plant in Tuscaloosa County
  • 2000s Expansion of the aerospace industry with the growth of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville
  • 2010s Continued growth of the automotive industry with expansions by Hyundai, Toyota, and Mazda
  • Persistent poverty and income inequality, particularly in rural areas and among African Americans
    • 16.7% poverty rate in 2019 compared to 12.3% nationally

Civil Rights Movement in Alabama

  • Center of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s
  • 1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks
    • Sparked by Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
    • Led to the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system
  • 1963 Birmingham Campaign organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
    • Demonstrations and boycotts aimed at desegregating public accommodations
    • Met with violent resistance from police commissioner Bull Connor
  • 1965 Selma to Montgomery March for voting rights
    • Organized by the SCLC and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
    • Marchers were attacked by state troopers on "Bloody Sunday"
    • Led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
  • Key figures: Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Fred Shuttlesworth, John Lewis

Cultural Shifts and Traditions

  • Strong influence of religion, particularly evangelical Protestantism
    • Baptists make up the largest denomination followed by Methodists
  • Importance of family and community ties
  • Rich musical heritage with roots in blues, country, and gospel
    • Notable musicians: Hank Williams, Nat King Cole, W.C. Handy
  • Foodways influenced by African, Native American, and European traditions
    • Barbecue, fried chicken, and soul food are staples
  • Literature and storytelling traditions
    • Notable writers: Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird), Truman Capote, Zora Neale Hurston
  • Sports culture centered around college football
    • Intense rivalries between the University of Alabama and Auburn University
  • Shift towards greater diversity and inclusion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
    • Increasing recognition of African American contributions to the state's culture and history

Notable Figures and Their Impact

  • George Wallace (Governor 1963-1967, 1971-1979, 1983-1987)
    • Staunch segregationist who famously declared "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"
    • Later renounced his segregationist views and apologized for his role in perpetuating racism
  • Rosa Parks (Civil Rights Activist)
    • Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
    • Became a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement and the fight against segregation
  • Martin Luther King Jr. (Civil Rights Leader)
    • Led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Birmingham Campaign
    • Delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington in 1963
  • Harper Lee (Author)
    • Wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird, which dealt with themes of racial injustice
    • The novel has become a classic of American literature and is widely read in schools
  • Hank Williams (Country Music Singer)
    • Pioneered the honky-tonk style of country music
    • Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Ongoing Challenges and Future Outlook

  • Persistent poverty and income inequality, particularly in rural areas and among African Americans
    • 16.7% poverty rate in 2019 compared to 12.3% nationally
    • Median household income of 50,536comparedto50,536 compared to 68,703 nationally
  • Underfunded education system with low rankings on national measures
    • Ranked 45th in the nation for K-12 education by U.S. News & World Report in 2021
  • Health disparities and limited access to healthcare in rural areas
    • Higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease compared to national averages
  • Environmental challenges related to climate change and natural disasters
    • Increasing frequency and severity of hurricanes and tropical storms
    • Rising sea levels threatening coastal communities
  • Efforts to diversify the economy and attract new industries
    • Expansion of the aerospace and technology sectors in Huntsville
    • Growth of the automotive industry with new manufacturing plants
  • Initiatives to address poverty and improve education and healthcare access
    • Expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act
    • Investments in early childhood education and workforce development programs
  • Ongoing debates over issues like gun rights, abortion, and LGBTQ+ equality
    • State has some of the most restrictive abortion laws in the country
    • Controversy over the removal of Confederate monuments and symbols


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.